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ZOOLOGICAL EESULTS
BASED ON MATERIAL COLLECTED IN
NEW BEITAIN, NEW GUINEA, LOYALTY ISLANDS
AND ELSEWHERE. PART IV.
ILoniion: C. J. CLAY AND SONS,
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE,
AVE MAEIA LANE.
AND
H. K. LEWIS, 136, GOWER STEEET. W.C.
©lasgoto: 50, WELLINGTON STEEET.
ILfipjig: F. A. BROCKHAUS.
p,fto Porfe: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
aomhap: E. SEYMOUE HALE.
ZOOLOGICAL EESULTS
BASED ON MATERIAL FROM
NEW BRITAIN, NEW GUINEA, LOYALTY ISLANDS AND ELSEWHERE,
COLLECTED
DURING THE YEARS 1895, 1896 AND 1897,
BY
ARTHUE WILLEY, D.Sc. Lond., Hon. M.A. Cantab.
LECTURER ON BIOLOGY IN GUY's HOSPITAL, LONDON.
A
PART IV.-Vl,
{MAV. moo.)
CAMBRIDGE: ^X o, A^
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. "^
inoo
CAMBBIDCtE :
PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY,
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ph. 4-^
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CONTENTS OF PAET IV.
PAGE
18. On the anatomy of a supposed new species of Coenopsainmia
from Lifu .......... 357
By J. STANLEY GARDINER, M.A.
With Plate XXXIV. and two figures in the test.
19. On the Insects from New Britain . . . . . . 381
By D. SHARP, M.A., M.B., F.R.S. With Plate XXXV.
20. On the Stomatopoda and Macrura brought T>y Dr Willey from
the South Seas ......... 395
By L. A. BOBRADAILE, M.A. With Plates XXXVI.— XXXIX.
21. Report on the Slugs' . ., 429
By WALTER E. COLLIXGE, F.Z.S. With Plate.s XL.— XLI.
22. Report on the Polyzoa collected by Dr Willey from the
Loyalty Isles, New Guinea and New Britain . . . 439
By E. G. PHILIPPS.
With Plate.s XLIL— XLIII.
23. The Hydroid Zoophytes collected hy Dr Willey in the
Southern Seas ......... 451
By LAURA ROSCOE THORXELV. With Plate XLIV.
24. Astrosclera willeyana, the type of a new Family of Sponges . 459
By J. J. LISTER, M.A., F.Z.S.
With Plates XLV.— XLVIII. and three figuie.'i in the text.
' I am desired to state that this article was written iu November 1m98 and received by me from the author upwards of twelve months ago. A. W.
/■^ Ypi CONTENTS.
PAGE
25. A contribution towards our knowledge of the pterylography
of the Megapodii 483
By W. P. PYCRAFT, A.L.S. With Plate XLIX.
26. The Stolonifera and Alcyonacea collected by Dr Willey in
New Britain, etc 493
By SYDNEY J. HICKSON, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., and ISA L. HILES, B.Sc.
With Plates L.— LI.
27. Report on the Xeniidae collected by Dr Willey . . . 509
By J. H. ASHWORTH, D.Sc. With Plates LIT. and LIII.
ON THE ANATOMY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFU.
By J. STANLEY GARDINER, M.A.,
Felloiu of Gonville and Cains College, Cambridge.
With Plate XXXIV. IXDEX OF CONTEXTS.
PAGE
Preface 357
Section I. General Anatomy of the Skeleton and Specific Description 358
General form — Mode of growth — Peritheca — Costae — Theca — Cahce— Septa — Cohimella — ElJect of boring organisms.
Sectiox II. General Anatomy of the Polyps 360
Composition of the colony — Peritheca and Coenosarc — The expanded polyji — The contracted polyp (circular sphincter muscle) — Coenosarcal canals and mode of budding — Tentacles — Retractor muscles — Stomodoeum — Mesenteries — Generative organs.
Section III. Minute Anatomy 367
Ectoderm (external, peristomial and tentacular) — Tentacular nematocysts (anatomy and de- velopment)— Stomodoeinn — Mesenterial filaments — Mesenterial nematocysts (anatomy and development) — Calicoblastic ectoderm and attachment of the structui'eless membrane to the corallum — Endoderm (longitudinal and circular sphincter muscles) — Generative organs.
Section IV. Conclusions relating to the body Layers in the Actinozoa 374
PREFACE.
Amongst the material very generously handed over to me by Dr Willey for examination were nine colonies, with from two to twelve polyps, of a species of Coeno- 2)sammia, which I believe to be new, and for which I propose the specific name of C. willeyi. All were obtained at Sandal Bay, Lifii, from the surfaces of reef-patches on the under-side of coral masses in company with Distichopora and Stylaster. The colour of the living colonies was bright red, with orange mouth-discs or peristomes.
w. IV. 49
358 ox THE ANATOMY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
All were preserved by dropping into 90 per cent, alcohol — sometimes with addition of formalin — which seems in most cases to have penetrated rapidl}', so that they are well preserved for histological purposes.
The genus Coenopsammia was first defined by Milne Edwards and Haime (6), who described nine species and placed the genus in the family Eupsainmidae. The classification of these authors was in the main retained by Martin Duncan (5), who gi'ouped in a somewhat ai'bitrary manner their several families into various alliances, and added the definitions of the numerous new genera described since the publication of the Histoire des Coralliaires (6).
The genus Coenopsammia is one of the simplest members of the family Eupsam- midae, and the sjiecies here described has no zoosanthellae in its endoderm and must hence feed entirely by means of the food taken in through its stomodoeum. Further- more it produces buds from the basal edge of the polyp as do the most primitive colonial Actiniae, and might therefore reasonably be expected to retain much of the structure of the Hexactinian pol^'ps from which all the Madreporaria seem pi'imitively to have been derived.
For the so-called mesogloea or jelly I prefer to use the term structureless membrane or basement membrane, as the layer apjjears to me to be of the same nature as basement membranes in general.
SECTION I.
General Anatomy of the Skeleton and Specific Description. (PI. XXXIV., Figs.
1 — 3, and text-figures, I. II.)
The corallum' is devoid of any epitheca, the whole except the attached base being covered by the polyps. It occurs in its younger stages in the form of a single corallite, which is gradually built up by the polyp, increasing both in diameter and height. At the same time the theca is thickened near the base of the corallite by deposit from the extrathecal portions of the polyp ; and irregularly arranged intrathecal platforms, or pseudotabulae, are formed across the calice.
Budding takes place near the base of the parent corallite, two, three or more daughter corallites being constantly found of about the same size and age. The buds at first project almost at right angles from the sides of the original corallite, but by a more rapid growth of their outer or distal sides gradually turn upwards, yet always at some slight angle to the parent corallite (Fig. 2). The greatest diameter of one such corallite w^as 7'5 mm., and of its three buds from .3"5 to 5"o mm. The original corallite was 14 mm. high, and the calices of the budded corallites formed a ring about 5 mm. below the margin of its theca.
' For definition of terms relating to the skeleton see Martin Duncan (5).
OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFU. 359
With the production of buds the base of the colony broadens. The parent and daughter corallites continue to increase in height and size, daughter polyps being again formed on their outer sides by budding from their free basal edge. The final result is an incrusting mass with a number of corallites standing up separately upon it, the oldest being tj'pically in the centre (Fig. 1).
As the corallites ai'e built up, skeleton of a loose, porous nature — peritheca' — is deposited between them by the extrathecal portions of their polyps. The different corallites of a colony are hence only free for a limited height, the highest free portion of any corallite in the collection being 12 mm., and the greatest diameter of the largest corallite 9 mm.
Hence, if growth proceeds regularly, a low convex mass is formed, the corallites gradually decreasing in height and diameter fr(5m the centre outwards. The colonies in the collection have this general form, but are all very small — largest 5.5 cm. across (Fig. 1) — and rather irregular, being overgrown in places by foraminifera, sponges, and other organisms. To the struggle between these and the polyps may be directly ascribed in many places the variation in height of the corallites above the colony. The mode of growth however of the species can be distinguished in all.
The corallites have on the outside an appearance of longitudinal striae, due to the presence of low, rough, subequal costae, which correspond in number and position to primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary septa. Many of the costae are con- tinuous from the parent to the daughter corallites in the young stage, but where much peritheca has been formed there is a distinct narrow valley between the corallites, from which the costae diverge.
The theca is thin, and for a few millimetres below its upper edge very freely perforated in lines between the costae (Fig. I.). It does not appear to be a true theca, formed in the first place by the basal ectoderm as a ring on the basal plate, joining the septa, but rather a pseudotheca, formed by the fusion of thickenings of the septal sides.
The calice is slightly oval in shape, the two diameters being in the proportion to one another of nine to eight. Within it septa of three cycles are present, of which the primaries and secondaries fuse with the columella (Fig. 3). The primary septa generally project from the edge of the calice almost horizontally inwards for about a quarter of its diameter — they often in the younger corallites rise slightly above the level of the theca— ending by the axial fossa with almost smooth vertical edges. The two primary septa, which lie between the directive mesenteries at each end of the longer diameter of the calice — hence termed directive septa — do not project for more than about one-seventh the diameter, so that the axial fossa is very distinctly oval''.
The secondary septa project horizontally from the upper edge of the calice for about one-twelfth its diameter, ending then with almost vertical edges, but abruptly broadening to join the columella. The tertiary septa are small and inconspicuous, and the quaternary are low ridges, only seen in ground down surfaces or sections towards the base of the calice.
' For definition of this term see p. 301.
« These proportions are not clearly shown in the figure, which has been somewliat diagrammatioally drawn by the artist.
49—2
360 ON THE ANATOMY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
The septa naturally decrease in thickness from the primaries to the tertiaries. All are relatively thin and little perforated, with almost smooth edges and sides covered with low, blunt, somewhat distant granules, not arranged in any determinate manner. Synapticula are absent.
The columella closes in the axial fossa below, and owing to the narrow directive septa, added to the slightly elongate shape of the calice, is very distinctly oval. It varies in dejjth, in the larger corallites being situated from 4 to 5 mm. below the edge of the calice. In the 3'oimgest separate corallite, that I have examined, there appeared to be a true columella, arising from a basal plate, but in the older calices it has a spongy appearance, and seems to have been formed principally by the ana- stomosis of a large number of trabeculae from the septal edges.
I have not attempted to examine the minute anatomy of the corallum in any detail. The skeleton in all the specimens is everywhere much bored into by algal filaments, which although found principally in the deeper lying parts extend in places to within '2 mm. of its surface.
SECTION II. General Anatomy of the Polyps.
Composition of the Colony. The corallum, as mentioned before, is everj-where, except over its attached base, covered by the polyps. The latter may be regarded each as an independent individual capable of leading an independent existence. All the polyps however are connected together by the coenosarc, which consists of a number of canals separated from one another by a double layer of endoderm with the structureless membrane between. These canals run from poh^) to pol3-p — branching perhaps at the bases of the projecting corallites — and serve to put the gastrovascular cavities of the diflerent pol}'ps in free communication with one another.
A similar arrangement is found in Pocillopora and all corals, so far as I am aware, which have a well-developed peritheca, save that in some genera, as pointed out by Fowler (10), the canals have been pushed apart from one another and the external wall, consisting now of a double layer of ectoderm with the structureless membrane between, lies directly on the corallum. In imperforate Madreporaria the coenosarcal canals may be said to commence from the edge of the calice, while in perforate forms, especially in such forms with partially free corallites as Coenopsammia, no such sharp line of distinction can be drawn, since the iutracalicular portions of the
OF COEXOPSAMMIA FROM LIFV. 361
coelentera at frequent intervals communicate with the coenosarcal canals by ramifying canals through the theca.
The coenosarcal canals in fact are simply extrathecal portions of the coelentera of the diflferent poh-ps, which serve to connect theii- intrathecal or gastrovascular portions.
Peritheca and coenosarc. The corallum except over the base of attachment is everywhere covered by the calicoblast layer of ectoderm. This is constantly depositing skeleton over all parts more or less rapidly. Skeleton so deposited has been termed by Martin Duncan (5), when it occurs outside the theca and between the costae, the " exotheca," and, when it serves to fill up the valleys between the free portions of the corallites, the " coenenchyma." Indeed, when the deposit of corallum outside the corallites was small, Martin Duncan called it "exotheca," but, if considerable, " coenench}"ma."
In the asexual method of reproduction, which forms the colony, whether by fission or bud formation, there is at first no coenenchyma between the two individuals, or between the bud and its parent corallite. In individual specimens of any species the coenenchyma varies enormously with the rate and form of growth of the colonj' ; it hence seems to me improbable that its relative abundance alone can be in any genus a specific distinction. There is no sharp line of sepai-ation nor of structure between the "exotheca" and the "coenenchyma" in Coenopsammia, nor indeed in most Madre- poraria, the latter as it is built up being necessarily fused with the former. In Galaxea however the distinction is well marked, the "coenenchyma" having a porous and the "exotheca" a compact structure.
It hence appears to me advisable that the term "coenenchyma," if retained in the Madreporaria, should be applied either to the structure usually so-called in Galaxea or to all parts of the corallum outside the theca. The term is of such wide application that it would onlj" increase the confusion, which already prevails, to restrict it in such a way. Either use of the term too is du-ectly opposed to its w-ell-established use in the rest of the Anthozoa. I accordingly propose to use the term peritheca, which was employed in the first place by Milne Edwards and Haime for the so-called "coenenchyma" of Gala-xea. The peritheca is that part of the corallum of colonial Madreporaria, which is deposited outside and subsequentlt/ to the theca. The coenosarc is that part of the polyps in a colony which lies outside but not above (i.e. in expanded state) the thecae of the several corallites. The " Randplatte " of Heider and von Koch, the "edge-zone" of Miss Ogilvie, is then that part of the coenosarc which lies over the free portions of the corallites. The above use of the term coenosarc is more in accordance with its physiological meaning in the Alcyouaria and Hydrozoa.
The expanded polyp. As all the polyps of the specimens, entrusted to me by Dr Willey, are completely retracted, it is impossible to speak definitely of the conditions found in the living polyps. However, from the appearance of the contracted muscles and the accordingly much bent mesenteries, I am led to believe that the polyps expand themselves to a height of at least 4 mm. above the top of the theca. The tentacles then form three circles close to one another round the peristome, or mouth- disc, the outer with twelve, and the two inner each with six tentacles, the bases of the outer and the two inner circles alternating with one another.
362
ox THE AXATOMY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
Figure I. Diagrammatical transverse section through a single completely retracted polyp in six different planes shown approximately in Fig. II.
The section is that of a single lateral sextant (or system) — without directive mesenteries — of the same polyp traced downwards in a series of transverse sections.
The sextant is taken from the middle of one primary septum to the middle of the next. (The position of the sections will be readily understood by reference to Fig. II., but the polyp, from which this figure was made, was not quite in the same state of retraction.)
The corallum is dotted and covered everywhere by the calicoblastic ectoderm, structureless membrane or lamella, and endoderm. th. Theca. I, II and III. Primary, secondary and tertiary septa. coL Columella (only seen in F). e. w. Body-wall (consisting of ectoderm, structureless membrane and endoderm) external to the mouth-disc or peristome. Limited by the bases of the tentacles, p. w. Body-wall of mouth-disc or peristome, st. iv. Body-wall of the stomodoeum, much thickened owing to the very thick ectodermic epithelium. T. 1, T. 2, and T. 3 Completely retracted primary, secondary and tertiary tentacles covered with batteries
OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFU. 363
of nematocysts. 1, 2 and 3, Primary, secondary and tertiary mesenteries, consisting of two layers of endoderm with the structureless membrane between. The retractor muscles are indicated as fine lines at right angles to the mesenteries, -m.f. mesenterial filaments.
Sections.
A. Above the theca. The primary septa are represented although they do not, except in young corallites, project above the theca.
B. About half-way between the top of the stomodoeum and the top of the polyp. The theca is complete and divides the coelenteron into extra- and intrathecal portions, connected together by numerous perforating canals, commonly running as represented. The extrathecal portions of the coelenteron are divided into canals, which correspond in number and position to the spaces between the mesenteries. The costae and secondary septum are well marked and the tertiary retractor muscles have appeared.
C. Through the mouths of the retracted tertiary tentacles, which lie externally to those of lower orders. The retractor muscles of the secondarj' mesenteries have appeared and the tertiary septa are indicated. (The perforating canals of the corallum and the peritheca are not represented in this and subsequent sections.)
D. Through the mouths of the retracted primary and secondary tentacles. The polyp is cut across in two places owing to the somewhat raised lip round the stomodoeum.
E. Through the lower half of the stomodoeum. The lower free ends of the retracted primary and tertiary tentacles are well marked. The tertiary mesenteries are free with distinct filaments ; in the left pair ova are represented, covered by the much thickened nutritive endoderm.
F. Towards the base of the polyp. The right half of the section is rather higher than the left. In it the tertiary mesenteries are much narrower with smaller filaments and without ova, which have now appeared in the secondary mesenteries. In the left half the tertiary mesenteries have lost their filaments and muscles and will shortly disappear; the secondary mesenteries are narrower and have lost their muscles, while in the primary mesenteries ova have appeared.
The contracted polyp. In the completely contracted condition the opening of the stomodoeum is situated about Vh mm. above the top of the columella. The peripheral part of the mouth-disc is drawn inwards and downwards, causing a marked depression round the stomodoeal opening. This condition is brought about by the presence of a strong circular sphincter muscle — Rotteken's muscle of the Actiniaria — (Fig. II. m.s.) together with that of sti'ong longitudinal muscles on the mesenteries, spreading out under the oral disc and within the tentacles. The presence of a circular muscle in the Madreporaria was first suggested by Moselcy (21) in Sphetiotrochus and subseciuently described by Fowler in the same genus (9) and also in Dwncania (11). But, whereas in these genera the sphincter opening leads into a cavity in which the tentacles lie, the condition differs in Coenopsammia owing to the complete introversion of the tentacles in a more irregular manner but similar to that of Seriatopora (9). In fact
364 ON THE ANATOMY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
round the stomodoeal opening is a prominent ridge, in the depression round which lie the openings of the introverted tentacles (Figs. i. and il.).
Coenosarcal canals and mode of budding. The mesenteries are 48 in numbei and have a determinable position in respect to the 24 septa. There are 48 inter- mesenterial spaces, 24 enfocoelic between mesenteries of the same pair, into which the septa project, and 24 exocoelic spaces between mesenteries of neighbouring paLrs\ From each intermesenterial space is given off a coenosarcal canal passing outside the theca. The dividing walls of these are continuous with the mesenteries over the theca, and indeed may be regarded as their perijjheral ends or extrathecal portions (Figs. I. and II.). The coenosarcal canals end blindly at the free edges of the colony, but in the central parts they put each intermesenterial space of each several polyp into communication with at least one such space in a neighbouring polyp.
Budding takes place from the blind ends of the coenosarcal canals at the basal margin of the single jwlyp or colony. A number of the coenosarcal canals fuse together and a mouth breaks through. The intermesenterial spaces of the daughter polyp on the inner side, i.e. towards the parent polyp, are each formed directly from a single coenosarcal canal, while those at the sides are formed by the branching of these canals. The mesenteries are formed from the dividing walls of the coenosarcal canals, i.e. from the extrathecal portions of the mesenteries of the parent polyp. The young corallite appears to be very rapidly formed, and has from the first a diameter of 2b mm.'
The intermesenterial spaces, besides being in communication w^th the coenosarcal canals over the theca, have also connecting canals through the theca. The dividing- walls of the coenosarcal canals outside the free portions of the corallites are attached to the skeleton between the costae, which project into their lumina. The mesenteries on the other hand have their broad bases attached to the septa close to their fusion into the theca, and hence somewhat facing one another. The connecting canals near the top of the theca from the exocoeles run straight through the theca near the base of one of the bounding mesenteries and open into their corresponding coenosarcal canals (Fig. I., b). In the entocoeles the arrangement is similar in the same position, but the connecting canals often arise at a considerable distance up the sides of the septa and perhaps run diagonally through them. This arrangement of connecting canals near the top of the theca, joining the intermesenterial spaces with their corresponding coenosarcal canals alone, strongly supports the view that in this species the theca is formed simply by the fusion of thickenings on the sides of the septa. Lower down in the polyps instead of separate connecting canals, a system of ramifying and anastomosing canals is found, similar to that described by Fowler for Rhodopsammia (7), but not so complicated, owing probably to the more delicate corallum.
1 There would thus be between neighbouring primary septa, in each system 8 mesenteries, 2 primary, 2 secondary, and 4 tertiary. In one poln^ however in one system tliere were 10 mesenteries owing to an addition of 2 tertiary, hut the next system had ouly 6 mesenteries, 2 tertiary beiug absent.
- In the various colonies in the collection I have only found one bud without a corallite, and in this the preservation was not sufficiently good for me to follow out the process in any detail. I have traced however the connections of two buds, each of about 3 mm. in diameter, with the parent polyp.
OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFU.
365
Tentacles. The tentacles are all entocoelic, and their three orders con-espond
to the orders of septa, the tertiaries being situated most externally on the mouth- disc. The introverted tertiary tentacles form deep pockets in the entocoeles of the
Figure II. Diagrammatical longitudinal section of a polyp, the left half passing through the opening of a tertiary tentacle and exposing the face of a tertiary mesentery, and tiie right half passing to one side of a primary mesentery exposing it likewise.
A — F. Sections shown in Fig. I.
th. Theca. .S'. /. and S. III. Primary and tertiaiy septa, col. Columella, i^th. Peritheca. p. Perforating canals of the theca. e. tu. External body-wall. y. Ova. ;;. w. Body-wall of moutli- disc. St. Storaodoeum. T. 1 and T. .3. Primary and tertiary tentacles retracted, m. Jilesenterial filaments, m. r. Retractor muscle. i». s. Circular sphincter muscle.
Left Half. The tertiary mesentery does not extend beyond the tertiary tentacle. Its muscles are well marked and attached nearly along its whole length to the theca, arising from the wall of the tentacle. Along the free edge a much convoluted filament is present except at its upper and lower ends. The ridge of ci>ralluni, represented at its lower edge, is not generally marked, and the mesentery does not reacii the base of the polyp. The outline of a tertiary septum {S. Ill) is shown.
Right Half. The lip rounfl the storaodoeum is well marked with a circular depression around, having tlie opening of a primary tentacle ( 7'. 1 ), the position of wliich is shown
W. IV. 50
366 ox THE ANATOMY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
by a broken line. The outline of a primary septum (.S'. /) is also shown, fusing with the columella below. The retractor muscles arise from the whole of the mouth-disc, but are only attached to the lower two-thirds of the theca. The free edge of the mesentery is everywhere covered by a mesenterial filament, which is directly continuous with the stomodoeal epithelium above.
tertiary mesenteries both above and below their open mouths (Fig. i. c and Fig. ii.). Shorter pockets are found too, especially in sections where the open mouth is cut through, projecting into the exocoeles outside the tertiary entocoele. In fact the tertiar}' mesenteries would appear to continue for some distance into the extended tertiary tentacles.
The introversion of the secondary and primary tentacles gives rise to deep some- what irregular invaginations — extending only below their open mouths — in the entocoeles over their corresponding septa (Fig. I. D, and Fig. II.). The iuvaginated portions are crescent-shaped in transverse sections owing to the projecting septa, and have no side diverticula into the exocoeles. The mesenteries are attached, one at each side of the bases of these tentacles, and cannot extend into them in any way, when they are expanded. The tentacles appear as if they decrease considerably in length from the tertiaries to the primaries.
All the tentacles are covered with round, knobbed batteries of nematocysts, which gradually decrease in size from their tips. At their bases these batteries are very small, and pass almost imperceptibly — especially on the tertiary tentacles — into the general ectoderm.
Retractor muscles. The great longitudinal retractor muscles of the mesenteries have the regular arrangement, typical of the Hexactiniae, i.e. on the sides facing one another on all the pairs except the directives. Their course may be best seen by reference to Figs. i. and II. The fibres of the tertiary mesenteries arise from the tentacles alone, while those of the primaries and secondaries arise from the whole of the mouth-disc. They then run on all the mesenteries diagonally across to end near their attachments to the corallum. The lower part of all the mesenteries is free from muscular fibres.
On the faces of the mesenteries, opposite to the great i-etractor muscles, there are a few isolated longitudinal muscles with a similar course. They are rather more numerous on the directive mesenteries, the great retractor bands of which are not as large as those of the other primary mesenteries. There do not appear to be any definite protractor or transverse muscles. The circular sphincter muscle — Rotteken's muscle — is a broad, diffuse band situated immediately below and outside — morphologi- cally speaking — the tertiary tentacles (Fig. ii.).
Stomodoeum. The stomodoeum is about 1 mm. in length in the contracted polyp. Its mouth is an elongate or oval slit, lying in the long axis of the directive septa, without any trace of gonidial grooves at its ends. Below the mouth its lumen is very irregular, being often drawn out into deep pockets between the septa.
Mesenteries. The tertiary mesenteries are attached to the mouth-disc in the tentacles, but do not reach to the aboral or basal body wall. Their free edges, except
OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFU. 3G7
immediately at the top and bottom, end in much convoluted filaments. The primary and secondary mesenteries are attached to the stomodoeum, with which their filaments are continuous, and also reach to the basal wall of the polj'p. AH the mesenteries decrease in breadth with the decrease of the muscular bands, and indeed the tertiary mesenteries are lost with their disappearance (Figs. i. and II.). The filaments of the primary and secondary mesenteries run straight into the polyp below the stomodoeum for 1 — 1"5 mm. before the convolutions commence. The filaments are attached to the mesenteries for their whole length, and are without free portions (acontia) at their lower ends.
Generative organs. All the polyps, which I have examined by sections — eleven from six colonies — are female, and have no trace of any male generative organs. The ova in each mesentery, in which they are found, are arranged in a row in the structureless membrane between the convoluted mesenterial filament and the great retractor muscle (Fig. Ii.). In the youngest polyps examined (3 mm. across the calice) ova only occurred on the primary mesenteries, but in all the others — eight — had passed into the secondary mesenteries as well. In two large polyps, the one cut into longitudinal and the other into transverse sections, I also found small ova in the structureless membrane of some of the tertiary mesenteries. The ova do not seem to pass into the directive mesenteries as soon as the other primaries, perhaps on account of their being less broad through the elongation of the stomodoeum.
The ova are presumably formed as in the Hexactiniae from the endoderm, and wander into the structureless membrane (13 and 14). They here wander into the structureless membrane of any mesenteiy, provided that it is of sufficient breadth. I have also found a similar arrangement in Prionastraea ahdita, and it seems very doubtful, whether the order of the mesentery, in which the generative organs are found, is of any importance.
SECTION III.
Minute Anatomy.
Ectoderm. (Figs. 4 and .5.) The external ectoderm, i.e. of the general surface of the colonies outside the tentacles, is very well preserved, and seldom or never detached from the underlying structureless membrane. It is about '03 mm. in thickness, and has a very uniform and much vacuolated appearance. Cell outlines can seldom be distinguished, but it appears to be an epithelium of a columnar facies with a distinct layer of nuclei in the centre. The latter are small, oval, with a few granules and deep staining nuclear membranes. A few smaller, round nuclei, staining homogeneously, are also found, and perhaps belong to sense cells (Fig. 5). Small nematocysts are scattered about, but occur principally opposite to the attachments of the dividing walls of the coenosarcal canals, where the epithelium is rather thicker. They vary up to about •02 mm. in length, and generally have the same structure as the nematocysts of the tentacles. A few, however, are exactly similar, except in size, to the nematocysts found
on the mesenterial filaments.
50—2
368 ON THE ANATOIY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
Gland cells of two kinds are found, mucous and granular. The former stain brown in Heidenhain's iron haematoxylin and eosiu, and are fairly numerous all over the coenosarc, yet gradually decreasing in number from the bases of the tentacles down- wards. The granular gland cells correspond to the "kornige Drlisenzellen," described by the Hertwigs in Actiniae (1-i). Their gi-anules are very small, and stain black in iron haematoxylin and eosin (Fig. 4). In shape some are narrow and very elongate, while others are almost round or sack-like. In one young polyp (about 4 mm. across the calice) they are very numerous for about 3 mm. below the tentacles, but over the coenosarc between the free portions of the polyps very scarce. In older polyps they are commonly found only at the bases of the tentacles.
A few oval nuclei occur immediately above the structureless membrane, but there is no well-marked punctate nervous layer except near the bases of the tentacles. Muscular jDrocesses of the cells and distinct muscular fibres are completely absent. The surface of the layer is sometimes covered with mucus, but generally it is sharply defined, and there is no appearance of the ciliation described by the Hertwigs in the Actiniae.
The ectoderm of the mouth-disc is very similar to the external ectoderm, but rather thicker — about 'O-i mm. — and with a distinct finely punctate layer of nerve fibrils, immediately over the structureless membrane. Some of the cells too have distinct basal muscular processes. Mucous gland cells are numerous, especially near the mouth of the stomodoeum, but gi-anular gland cells are absent. The nematocysts are more numerous than in the external ectoderm and of the same two kinds, the tentacular towards the exterior and the mesenterial around the stomodoeal opening.
The ectoderm of the tentacles takes the form of batteries of nematocysts (Fig. 6). Each battery is packed in the centre with nematocysts, close to the basal ends of which are a number of rod-shaped, or oval nuclei. Below these and towards the sides of the tentacles the nuclei are round or very slightly oval. All stain homogeneously with iron haematoxylin, the oval, granular nuclei of the external ectoderm being very rare. Under the centre of the battery on the structureless membrane is a thick, finely granular mass with a few supporting fibrils, a great concentration of the nervous layer {n. I. Fig. 6). A few mucous cells occur towards the sides of the batteries, but granular gland cells are absent. The muscular processes of the cells form a well-marked, thin, deeply staining layer on the structureless membrane. They appear to run mainly in a longitudinal direction in respect to the expanded tentacles, and arise principally from the cells around the central mass of nematocysts. In the contracted condition the central part of the battery is sometimes slightly depressed, but generally the nematocyst mass is much pushed out owing to the contractions of these muscles.
Tentacular nematocysts (Figs. 7 — 10). The tentacular nematocysts, when ripe, with the thread well formed (Fig. 7) are very uniform iu size, about '027 mm. in length by -003 mm. in diameter. The thread is spirally coiled round a central homo- geneous mass of pi-otoplasm, and causes the external membrane of the nematocyst to project over it. The number of coils varies from 20 to 30, but commonly there are about 2-i. In most nematocysts the terminations of the thread cannot be distin- guished, but in some the thread may be seen to end at the base of the capsule in a very finely granular mass of protoplasm, while at the opposite end it runs inwards
OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFU. 369
and slightly backwards at first, and then straight to the somewhat pointed and slightly projecting free end of the nematocyst. Generally the basal end of the nematocyst lies in a finely granular mass of protoplasm with a nucleus either oval or rod-shaped. Usually a filament, comparable to the granular peduncle described by Lendenfeld in Hydra (19), can be distinguished running down to the nervous layer; the structureless peduncle of Hamann (12) cannot be seen, but numerous processes of the structureless membrane pass everywhere into the ectoderm.
Although I have very carefully examined the uematocysts in the tentacles of seven polyps, I have failed to find any of a structure differing from the above. The whole nematocj-st is thrown out when the thread is extruded, and in thick sections I have been able to follow every stage of the process. The end of the thread is ejected first and then turn after turn of the spiral follows (Fig. 8). The thread itself under ocular 4 and y'j oil immersion, appears for its whole length to be absolutely homogeneous and structureless.
I have considered it necessai'y to describe the structure and the appearances on extrusion in some detail, as Mobius (20) appears to have confused neraatocysts similar to these in the tentacles of Caryopkyllia with those found on the mesenterial filaments of the same form. He appears indeed to have considered them to be young stages in the development of the mesenterial uematocysts. Bourne (4) too, following Mobius, gave a figure of a similar nematocyst, apparently not quite ripe, as a developing nematocyst of the mesenterial foi-m.
Although I have not been able to follow every stage in the process of formation of these nematoc3-sts, yet it seems to be as follows. In the place of the ejected nematocyst appears a homogeneous mass of protoplasm, extending almost from the surface of the ectoderm to the structureless membrane, and having near its base a nucleus. The central part of this acquires a definite membrane and subsequently forms the nematocyst. No nucleus can in any stage be distinguished within this membrane, but the basal nucleus is nearly always well marked. Its protoplasm next becomes very finely granular (Fig. 9), and the fine granules then fuse together and aiTange themselves in definite spiral lines close under the external membrane (Fig. 10). The young nematocyst is now about one and a half times as long and thick as when ripe. Lastly the gi-anules fuse, forming the thread, and the external membrane still further contracts. The thread seems to be tightly coiled up under a very elastic extenial membrane and to be extruded mainly by its own elasticity. Even in preserved speci- mens, when the ripe uematocysts are broken or cut across, three or four coils ot the thread will uncurl. The thread indeed resembles both in its development and appearance the elastic fibres in the connective tissue of Vertebrates.
Stomodoeum (Fig. 11). The ectoderm of the stomodoeum is rather thicker than that of the mouth-disc, which gradually merges into it. It is composed of an elongated columnar epithelium with crowded, rod-shaped nuclei, all staining homogeneously. Over the structureless membrane is a thick, finely granular nervous layer— not distinctly seen in the figure— with a few round nuclei and supporting fibres. A few nematocysts like those of the mesenterial filaments but much .smaller are fo\ind ; tentacular nematocysts are extremely rare.
370 ON THE ANATOIY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
Mucous cells are scarce, but the epithelium is in places crowded with goblet-like vacuoles with numerous interstitial nuclei towards the exterior (Fig. 11). They are commonly much swollen with some apparently fluid unstainable secretion, and no nuclei especially belonging to them are visible. These secreting vacuoles are found principally opposite to the attachments of the primary and secondary mesenteries. Indeed in some polj'ps they form well marked lines over these mesenteries, extending up almost to the mouth of the stomodoeum. In one specimen, in which a Copepod is lying partially in the stomodoeum and partially in the coelenteron, the vacuoles are much smaller and generally appear to have discharged their secretion.
Mesenterial filaments (Figs. 12 and 13). The mesenterial filaments of the primary and secondary mesenteiies are the direct continuations of the lower edge of the stomodoeum and have a very similar structure to that described by Bourne (3) and Fowler (8) for other Madreporaria. They are of a somewhat crescentic shape in transverse sections (Fig. 12) and their epithelium is sharply marked off fi-om that of the mesentery below them. The structureless membrane of the mesenteries ends in a T-shaped swelling with numerous fibres passing off into the filament from its ends.
The central part of the filament is crowded with goblet vacuoles and is the " Driisenstreifen " of the Hertwigs (14) and other German authors. This gradually passes at the sides into an elongated columnar epithelium, which bends round the structureless membrane so that it covers the whole underside of the horizontal bar of the T. These parts correspond to the lateral lobes or " Flimmerstreifen," described b}' the Hertwigs in the Actiniaria and by E. B. Wilson (27) in the Alcyonaria. Mucous cells are more abundant than in the stomodoeum and lie principally at the sides; small glandular vacuoles densely crowded with relativeh' large granules are found also in the same position, but vary very largely in abundance in different polyps. Nematocysts do not become numerous until the convoluted portion of the filament commences, when the goblet vacuoles gradually decrease and finally disappear (Fig. 13). Near the stomodoeal end of the mesenteries the nematocysts lie almost entirely at the sides of the filament, but towards the base they occur in dense masses thi-oughout.
The filaments of the tertiary mesenteries, as in Fungia, are very similar to those of the primaries and secondaries but slightly smaller. The goblet vacuoles are not nearly so numerous, and do not form a well marked clearer area in the centre.
Mesenterial Nematocysts (Figs. 14 — 19). The nematocysts of the mesenterial filaments are about '033 mm. in length, and are found in every stage of development. They differ from the tentacular nematocysts in that they are relatively much broader, and are from the youngest stage of about the same size as the ripe nematocvst. The thread is much thicker with fewer coils, and its lower part, when ejected, is formed by an eversible portion of the cell. The structure of the ripe uematocyst (Fig. 14) is very similar to that of the nematocysts from the stomodoeum of Euphi/llia, described and figured by Bourne (4), and those of Caryoplnjllia by Mobius (20) and Iwanzoff (17). The eversible portion is never so long as in Curyophyllia, and is not indeed usually more than about one-third the length of the whole cell (Figs. 14 and 17). The end of the thread projects in the centre of this to the somewhat pointed extremity of the cell. Ai'ound the eversible base is a single spiral row of short hairs, with about
OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFU. 371
fourteen turns instead of three rows as described in Caryophyllia. I could not dis- tinguish in the thread any spiral band as found in Canjophyllia, nor any peculiar armature at the tip as in Euphyllia. The thi-ead is very thick, and lies in the ripe condition close under the exterior membrane, which it may bulge out slightly (Fig. 14). It is coiled from 8 to 10 times on itself, and ends below in a granular mass of protoplasm at the base of the cell. The latter lies at some small distance from the structureless membrane in a protoplasmic bed connected by one or more fibres with the nervous layer.
It is e.xtremely difficult to see the mode of eversion of the nematocyst, but generally the thread appears to be extruded first, and to carry with its lower end the eversible base (Fig. 15). Sometimes, the latter can, when the thread is partially e.Ktruded, be seen to be partially everted, and in one case I found it completely everted with the thread quite distinctly visible in the middle (Fig. IG). It does not, however, in any way approach the condition described and figured by Mobius (20), for the everted nematocysts of Caryophyllia. When the thread is partially, or but recently extruded, there appears to be a distinct cavity left in the protoplasm (Fig. 16). In sections too the thread appears to have a distinct sheath, which is quite separate from the eversible basal portion.
Besides these ripe nematocysts, a large number are found having the eversible base with central thread well marked, the rest of the nematocyst staining very uni- formly of a light brown colour in iron haematoxylin and eosin (Fig. 17). In a few of these cells I found a large nucleus near the base, in one with a well marked nucleolus. A differentiation of the protoplasm into a slightly darker band, running spirally round the cell is next seen (Fig. 19), and from this up to the fully developed thread every stage is clearly visible. The darker band first appears at the outer end — in respect to the structureless membrane — of the cell, and the thread develops from this end towards its base.
In the filaments the nematocyst thread is often found completely extruded with the cell in situ. In other cases the cell is partially or completely extruded from the filament, but it is impossible to say how far this may not be due to pressure brought about by the strong contraction of the polyps. I have been unable to find any appearance of developing nematocysts other than those previously described, — with the possible exception of the nematocyst represented in fig. 18 — and it seems to me to be probable that the thread becomes detached somewhere beyond the eversible base, which is then retracted, a new thread being formed. In some of the extruded ne- matocysts the thread seems to have been broken off in this way, but there is no appearance in the eversible base of myophan bands. In one extruded nematocyst there is a well marked nucleus at the base, and in several ripe nematocysts I have found a more darkly staining mass within the thread, but with sections only it is almost impossible to speak with certainty on such points.
Calicoblastic Ectoderm (c. ect. Fig. 20). The polyp next the corallum is every- where covered by a thin layer of ectoderm, the calicoblast layer. This is not generally very well marked, and in sections looks like a thin line of tissue, slightly swollen in places where the small, round, homogeneously staining nuclei are situated. The nuclei
372 ON THE ANATOMY OF A SUPPOSED XEW SPECIES
do not appear to be especially massed in any position, and near the base of the polj'ps are very distant from one another.
The layer however appears to be complete, and to separate the structureless membrane everywhere from the coraUum except at the attachments of the mesenteries, and dividing walls of the coenosarcal canals outside the calices. Three structureless membranes join one another in these positions (Fig. 20), and at their junction a number of small bands are given off, which broaden out at their ends, and are directly attached to the corallum. In section these bands are seen to be striated, and the calicoblastic ectoderm between them is especially well developed, almost completely filling up their interspaces. In some polyps, especially at the bases of the mesenteries, the striations appear to run for some distance into the structureless membrane and to be due to fibres, but generally it appears quite structureless.
In oblique sections the bands have the appearance, represented by Sclater (25), in Stephanotrochus, and appear to have no connection with the structureless membrane. Sclater believed these blocks to be the calicoblasts, but Bourne (4), and subsequently Fowler (10), pointed out their real nature. In Coenopsammia they are short and have rather broad bases of attachment to the structureless membrane of the mesenteries, while at the attachments of the dividing walls of the coenosarcal canals they are generally very long, much narrower, where they leave the structureless membrane, broadening out very greatly at their ends. The spaces between them, in the latter position, are crowded with nuclei, and they often present in thick transverse sections (10 — 12/i) almost exactly the same appearance as represented by von Heider (13), for the calicoblasts in the same position in DendrophyUia, a closely allied genus (12. Taf xxxi. Figs. 8, 9 and 11). I have too very carefully examined the calicoblasts, together with their attaching bands from the same position in undecalcified and partially decalcified preparations of Coenopsammia and other Madreporaria, and I can confidently state that neither in them nor in the calicoblasts are there any crj'stals of any sort. In decalcified preparations of Pocillopora (5 species), Seriatopora, Prionastraea, Madrepora and C'oenopsaiuinia, I have found no trace of any organic tissue or remains in the corallum, other than that due to Clione or boring algae, and there does not seem to be any room for doubting von Koch's conclusion (18), that the corallum lies completely outside the animal, and is the result of secretion by the calicoblastic ectoderm, the elements of which retain their cnvn organic existence.
Endoderm. (end. Figs. 5, 20 — 22). I found it impossible in the hardened and preserved specimens to tease out separate cells from the endoderm, and in sections no cell outlines can be seen. In the coenosarcal canals and generally in the contracted polyp above the tentacles and over the corallum, the endoderm consists of a ragged much vacuolated epithelium of a cubical facies with large round granular nuclei with distinct membranes together with a few scattered mucous cells (Fig. 5). Over the muscles and between the attachments of the mesenteries to the external body wall it has a very elongated columnar facies with small oval or round, deeply and homogeneously staining nuclei with a few of the larger granular nuclei (Fig. 21). The structureless membrane is irregularly drawn out under the endoderm into processes, to which fibres from the endoderm appear directly to be attached, one or more corresponding to each nucleus.
OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFtJ. 373
No trace of a definite nervous layer can usually be distinguished, except at the attachment of the mesenteries to the body wall under the tentacles, where it is some- times well marked with numerous small round nuclei.
The great mesenteric retractor muscles (Fig. 21) are situated on simple or branched lamelliform folds of the structureless membrane. They consist of separate long fibres, rectangular or oval in transverse section, and stain very deeply and uniformly with Heidenhain's iron haemato.xylin. Each fibre runs from the mouth-disc to its insertion along the line of the attachment of the mesenteries as shown in Figure II. At each end the fibres bi'eak up into a number of small fibrils, which spread out and appear to be attached to the structureless membrane without any connection with the endoderm epithelium. At the attachment of the mesenteries to the corallum some of these fibrils run directly into the structureless membrane, and I would suggest that the fibres, previously described in this position, are really the attaching fibrils of these muscles.
The circular rrtuscle — Rotteken's muscle — consists of similar but much smaller fibres (Fig. 5), the attachment and course of which I have, however, been unable to satis- factorily determine.
On the sides of the mesenteries opposite to the great retractor muscles, I have been unable to distinguish any similar muscular fibres running transversely to the long axis of the polyp — any protractor fibres in fact. In sections numerous small muscular processes are cut across, but these are quite short, and are basal processes of the endodermal epithelium. Further, they do not seem to run markedly more transversely than longitudinally. As the polyp is very closely attached to the corallum, they could not either have any powerful protractor action, and it seems to me that the expansion of the polyps must be brought about by other means.
Generative Organs. I have not been able to trace the inwandering of the genei-ative cells from the endoderm into the structureless membrane, but there is little doubt that it occurs in the same way as the Hertwigs have described in the Actiniaria (14 and 15). The endoderm round each ovum is very much thickened, and in the contracted condition of the polyp the coelenterou between the mesenteries is almost completely obliterated (Fig. 22). No cell outlines can be distinguished, but the endoderm appears to be a very elongated and much vacuolated epithelium of a columnar facies. The nuclei, which are small and not very distinct, are situated towards the free side of the epithelium, which is very granular. Near the base of the epithelium a few granules are found, which in places appear to be passing into the ova, large granules bemg constantly seen situated partially in the ova and partially in the endoderm.
The structureless membrane completely surrounds each ovum as a very thin layer and the membrane connecting it with the general structureless membrane of the mesentery is exceedingly fine. It can usually be distinguished, however, by the well marked basal muscular processes of the endoderm, which are not generally found over the ova. I have not found any definite " Fadcnapparat " as described by the Hertwigs in Actiniaria, nor is there any trace of any of the ova serving for food to the rest.
The ova vary up to -45 mm. in diameter and are full of yolk spherules and granules. The nucleus is a large centrally situated body with a homogeneous deeply staining round nucleolus. No definite nuclear membrane can be distinguished. Towards
W. IV. ^^
374 ON THE ANATOMY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
the exterior under the structureless membrane there is commonly found a thin layer of granules exactly similar in appearance to the granules found at the bases of the overlying endoderm.
SECTION IV. Conclusions relating to the Bodv Layers in the Actinozoa.
The central glandular elements of the mesenterial filaments have been shown by the Hertwigs (14) and M'Murrich (22) for the Actiniaria, and E. B. Wilson (27) and Hickson (16) for the Alcyonaria to be the elements, which produce the digestive secretion. Similar scattered glandular elements have been recorded by most observers in the stomodoea of Actiniaria and iladreporaria, and recently hav^e been found also by Ashworth (1) in the stomodoeum of Xenia. The abundance and regular arrangement of the glandular elements, found in this species of Coenopsammia has however not previously been observed. In longitudinal sections through the mesenterial filaments and stomodoeum it is impossible to tell where the latter ends and the former com- mences so complete is the resemblance between the epithelia of these two parts. The epithelium too of the lateral parts, the " Flimmerstreifen " is precisely similar to that of the stomodoeum between the attachments of the mesenteries. It is important also to remember that the mesenterial nematocysts are found on all the three parts of the filaments and also in the stomodoeum and external ectoderm of the body.
It was suggested first by E. B. ^yilson (27) that the lateral parts or "Flimmer- streifen " of the Actiniarian mesenterial filament are ectodermic in origin and that the median part, or " Drlisenstreifen," is endodermic. Fowler (7) however from the histology of the Madreporarian filaments considered the median part to be ectodermic and the lateral parts to be its unbroken gradation into the endoderm but mainly endodermic. H. V. Wilson (28) then from the development of Manicina came to the conclusion that the whole filament is ectodermic in origin. Indeed he showed that the filaments of the twelve primary mesenteries are formed as outgrowths from the basal end of the stomodoeum. M'^Murrich (22) would not admit the homology of the lateral parts of the Madreporarian filaments with the "Flimmerstreifen" of the Hert\vigs and main- tained the views of E. B. Wilson.
In this species of Coenopsammia it is obvious that if the central part of the filament is endodermic, a great part of the wall of the stomodoeum is likewise endodermic. Ashworth (1) however states that in Xenia, where digestive cells also occur in the stomodoeum, he has followed the development in the bud and that the stomodoeum is entirely ectodermic. I have also found that the stomodoeum is entirely ectodermic in its origin in the buds of Pocillopora. In this species of Coenopsammia the glandular elements are found right up to the mouth of the stomodoeum and in the bud formation, so far as I could follow it, the whole stomodoeum appears to be formed by the ectoderm. The lateral parts of the mesenterial filaments are similar in structure to the "Flimmerstreifen" of the Hertwigs and have apparently the same function.
OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFU. 375
They too are directly continuous with the stomodoeum and have the same structure, so that fi-om the histology one must come to the conclusion that the whole filament of the pnmary and secondary mesentenes is ectodermic in origin. It would appear also most probable that the filaments of the tertiary mesenteries are likewise ectodemiic.
I have already pointed out that the central glandular elements of the mesenterial filaments have been shown to produce the' digestive secretion in both the Actiniaria and in the Alcyonaria. In one polyp of Coenopsammia, which I have examined by transverse sections, a small Crustacean is lying in the coelenteron, where it passes into ■ the stomodoeum. It is noticeable that in spite of the strong contraction of the polyp it is supported by the mesenterial filaments alone. Willem (29) too has shown in several Actiuians that the prey is always clasped by the mesenterial filaments after passing through the stomodoeum, and further has investigated the action of the digestive secretion op proteids, glycogen and fats. Both Hickson for Alcyoniwm diyi- tatum and Willem for various Actinians have brought forAvard negative evidence ti> show that no particles of food are taken up in the solid form by the so-called endoderm. Particles of carmine are however readily seized and the chief excretive functions cippear to lie in this epithelium. There are no secretory digestive cells in the so-called endoderm, and it follows hence that digestion must be brought about by the ectoderm of the stomodoeum together with its downgrowths over the edges of the mesenteries, forming their filaments.
The stomodoeum of Zuantharia and necessarily also of Ailcyonaria is not comparable then to the stomodoeum of the Triploblastica but rather is, with the mesenterial filaments, the homologue of the ivhole gut. The so-called endoderm, giving rise to the muscular bunds and generative organs and performing also the excretory functions, is then homologous tuith the mesoderm of Triploblastica. In the terms of the layer theory, of whatever value it may be, the Actinozoon polyp must then be regarded as also a Triploblastic form having definite ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
Sedgwick (26) in 1884- pointed out the possible importance of considering the Actinozoon polj'ps in connection with the origin of metameric segmentation in Triplo- blastica, a view which was afterwards strongly supjjorted by van Beneden (2) from his researches on the development of Arachnactis. The foregoing facts seem to me to give a strong support to this hypothesis. It is however beyond the scope of this paper to discuss either this question, or that of the relationship of the Actinozoon and Hydrozoon polyps.
51—2
376 ox THE AXATOMY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
LITERATURE.
1. AsHwoETH, T. H. "The Stomodoeum, Mesenterial Filaments and Endoderm of Xenia.
P. R. Soc. London, Vol. lxiii., p. 44.3, 1888.
2. Bexeden, Ed. van. " Recherches sur le Developpement des Arachnactis." Bull. Ac.
Belgique, 3"= Sen, Tome xxi., p. 179, 1891.
3. Bourne, G. C. " The Anatomy of the Madreporarian Coral Fungia." Quart. J. Micr.
Sci., Vol. XXVII., p. 293, 1887.
4. Bourne, G. C. '■ The Anatomy of Mussa and Euphyllia and the Morphology of the
Madreporarian Skeleton." Quart. J. Micr. Sci., Vol. xxviii., p. 21, 1888.
5. Duncan, P. Martin. " A Revision of the Families and Genera of the Sclerodermic
Zoantharia, Ed. and H., or Madieporaria." J. Linn. Soc, ZooL, Vol. xvill., p. 1, 1885.
6. Edwards, Milne and Haijie, J. " Monographic des Eupsammides." Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Ser. 3, T. x., p. 65, 1848. And " Histoire des Coralliaries." 1860. Fowler, G. H. "The Anatomy of the Madreporaria."
7. I. " Flabellum, Rhodopsammia." Quart. J. Micr. Sci., Vol. xxv., p. 577, 1884, and
Stud. Owens Coll., Vol. I., p. 243, 1886.
8. II. '■ Madrepora." Quart. J. Micr. Sci., Vol. xxvii., p. 1., 1887, and Stud. Owens Coll.,
Vol. II., p. 1, 1890.
9. III. "Turbinaria, Lophohelia, Seriatopora, Pocillopora." Quart. J. Micr. Sci., Vol. xxviii.,
p. 1, 1888, and Stud. Owens Coll., Vol. ii., p. 17, 1890.
10. IV. "Madracis, Amphihelia. Stephanophyllia." Quart. J. Micr. Sci., Vol. xxviii., p. 413,
1888.
11. V. " Duncania, Madrepora, Galaxea, Heteropsammia, Bathyactis." Quart. J. Micr. Sci.,
Vol. XXX., p. 405, 1890.
12. Hamann, O. " Der Organismus der Hydroidpolypen." Zeitschr. Naturw., Bd. xv.,
p. 473, 1881.
13. Heider, a. R. von. " Korallenstudien." Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., Bd. xliv., p. 507, 1886.
14. Hertwig, O. und R. "Die Actinien." Jena, 1879.
15. Hertwig, R. "The Actiniaria." Challenger Reports, 1882. Suppl., 1888.
OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFU. 377
IG. HiCKsox, Sydney, J. "The Anatomy of Alc3'onium digitatura." Quart. J. Micr. Sci., Vol. XXXVII., p. 343, 1895.
17. IwANZOFF, N. "Ueber den Bau, die Wirkungsweise und die Entwickelung der Nessel-
kapseln der Coelenteraten." Bull. Soc. Moscou, 1896, p. 1.
18. Koch, G. von. "Ueber die Entwicklung des Kalkskeletes von Astroides calycularis und
dessen morphologische Bedeutung." Mt. Stat. Neapel, Bd. iii., p. 284, 1882.
19. Lendexfeld, R. von. "The Functions of Nettle Cells." Quart. J. Micr. Sci., Vol. xxvii.,
p. 393, 1887.
20. MoBius, Karl. " Ueber den Bau, den Mechanismus und die Entwicklung der Nessel-
kapseln einiger Polypen und Quallen." Abh. Ver. Hamburg, Bd. v., p. 1, 18GC.
21. MosELEY, A. N. "Report on the Corals." Challenger Reports, 1881.
22. McMuRRiCH, J. Playfair. " On the Development of the Hexactiniae." J. Morphol.,
Vol. IV., p. 303, 1891.
23. Ogilvie, ilaria M. " Microscopic and Systematic Study of Madreporarian Types of
Corals." Phil. Trans., Vol. clxxxvii., p. S3, 1896.
24. Ort.mann, a. " Beobachtungen an Steinkorallen von der Siidkuste Ceylons." Zool.
Jahrb., Bd. iv., SuppL, p. 493, 1889.
25. ScLATER, W. L. " On a Madreporarian Coral of the Genus Stephanotrochus from the
British Seas." P. Zool. Soc. London, p. 128, 1886.
26. Sedgwick, Adam. " On the Origin of Metameric Segmentation and some other Morpho-
logical Questions." Quart. J. Micr. Sci., Vol. xxiv., p. 43, 1883.
27. Wilson, Edmund B. "The Mesenterial Filaments of the Alcyonaria." Mt. Stat. Neapel,
Bd. v., p. 1, 1884.
28. Wilson, Henry V. " On the Development of Manicina areolata." J. Morphol., Vol. ii.,
p. 191, 1889.
29. WiLLE.M, Victor. " La Digestion chez les Actinies." Bull. Soc. Medecine de Gand,
p. 295, 1892.
378 ON THE ANATOMY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.
Lettering used througJiout.
ect. Ectoderm. end. Endoderm. s. tn. Structureless membrane or lamella. c. ect. Calicoblast ectoderm. n. I. Nervous layer of the ectoderm. m. g. c. Mucous gland cells. g. g. c. Granular gland cells. 7n. n. Mesenterial nematocysts. t. n. Tentacular nematocysts. mus. Muscular fibres, ov. Ovum. m. J. Mesenterial filaments. »i. 1 Primary mesentery. m. 2 Secondary mesentery, m. 3 Tertiary mesentery.
Fig. 1. View of a large colony from the side (cleaned corallum). Nat. size.
Fig. 2. A small colony from above. One parent and three daughter corallites. Nat. size.
Fig. 3. A single calice from above. 1, 2, 3 Primary, secondary and tertiary septa.
Fig. 4. Diagrammatical section of the ectoderm of the polyp outside the tentacles. Mucous gland cells {m. g. c.) are everywhere numerous, but the granular gland cells (g. g. c.) are only found near the base of the tentacles. Two kinds of nematocysts are found, of which the mesenterial form («i. n.) is much the less numerous. The granular nervous layer {n. I.) is not well marked except at the bases of the tentacles ; in it a few large nuclei of nerve cells can commonly be distinguished.
Fig. 5. Section through the body wall at the sphincter muscle, the fibres (mus.) of which are small and flattened. No cell outlines can be distinguished in either the ectodermal or endodermal epithelia.
Fig. 6. Section through the middle of a single battery of nematocysts on one of the primary tentacles. The central part of the battery is packed ^-ith nematocysts under which the nervous layer is very conspicuous, while at the sides the ectoderm cells end in muscular processes on the structureless membrane.
Figs. 7 — 10. Tentacular nematocysts. (Oc. 4, oil immersion ~.)
Fig. 7. A ripe tentacular nematocyst with the thread fully formed. Outside the basal end is a conspicuous oval nucleus in a finely granular mass of protoplasm, which forms the granular (nervous ]) peduncle.
Fig. 8. A ripe tentacular nematocyst with the thread partially extruded, found lying freely in the cavity of one of the retracted tentacles.
Fig. 9. Developing nematocyst. In place of the extruded nematocyst a homogeneous mass of protoplasm appears, the central part of which acquires a definite membrane and becomes finely granular.
OF COENOPSAMMIA FROM LIFU. 379
Fig. 10. Later stage tlian Fig. 'J. The young nematocyst decreases in size and becomes coarsely granular, the granules arranging themselves in a spiral line close under the external membrane. The nematocyst drawn has been cut rather obliquely so that in the upper half the granules of the lower side are seen, and in the lower half those of the upper side, the granules in the centre appearing to be almost irregularly arranged. A comparison with Fig. 7 will make this clear.
Fig. U. Transverse section through the stouiodoeum sliowing the attachment of three mesenteries. The epithelium of the stomodoeum is very thick — being formed apparently of cells of an elongate columnar faoies — and opposite to the attachments of tlie mesenteries crowded with goblet-like vacuoles.
Fig. 12. Transverse section through a primary mesenterial filament immediately before its convolutions commence. The structureless membrane ends in a T-shaped expansion in the filament, which is well marked ofi" from the general endoderm of the mesentery. It is distinctly divided into three parts, a central, crowded with goblet vacuoles, and two lateral, crowded with homogeneously staining oval nuclei. A single nematocyst is seen in the central part, but the nematocysts do not become numerous until its lower half is reached.
Fig. 13. Transverse section of the same filament as in Fig. 12 in its lower third. The filament is as distinctly marked off from the endoderm of the mesentery below it, but it is no longer divisible into three parts, being crowded with nematocysts in different stages of development — one with the thread extruded and cut off short.
Figs. 14 — 19. Mesenterial nematocysts. (Oc. 4, oil immersion xV ** f-) Fig. 14. A ripe nematocyst. The thread ends below in a mass of granules at the base of the cell while the opposite end appears to lie freely in an eversible sheath, marked by fine lines due to a spiral row of fine hairs. (Somewhat diagrammatical.)
Fig. 15. Nematocyst with part of the completely ejected thread. The thread seems to be extruded first and to carry behind it its eversible base, which is surrounded by a distinct row of spiral hairs. At the upper end of the nematocyst, round the eversible base of the thread, is a distinct depression.
Fig. 16. Nematocyst with ejected thread, whicii is still however visible in the middle of the basal portion. In the body of the nematocyst traces of a spiral sheath can be seen, from which the thread seems to have been ejected.
Fig. 17. Nematocyst with eversible base but without any appearance of a thread in the cell. Near the base is a nucleus with nucleolus (both seen very rarely) and the cell terminates in a nucleated peduncle, which bi-anches out over the structureless membrane.
Fig. 18. Nematocyst possibly in an earlier stage to Fig. 17, without any distinct base for the thread and with a distinct nucleus and nucleolus.
Fig. 19. Nematocyst of a later stage to Fig. 17, with a differentiation of the protoplasm into a dark spiral band, which will subsequently become the thread, lying in a clearer areji.
Fig. 20. Section through the base of one of the dividing walls of one of tlie coenosarcal canals showing the attachment of the structureless membrane to the corallum. The foi-nier is drawn out into long striated bands, swelling out at their ends where they are attached to the corallum. The striations appear in some cases to be due to fibres in the structureless membrane, but they are not generally so well marked as in this section. The spaces between the bands are completely filled by the calicoblast ectoderm.
380 ON THE ANATOJIY OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES OF COENOPSAMMIA.
Fig. 21. Transverse section through a portion of a longitudinal retractor muscle of a primary mesentery. The structureless membrane is drawn out into simple or branched lamelliform folds, on which the somewhat rectangular or rounded fibres are placed.
Fig. 22. Transverse section through a primary and a secondary mesentery at a slightly lower level to that represented in the left half of sextant F in Figure I. The coelenteron is almost obliterated. The tertiary mesenteries {in. 3) are recognisable as fine bands. Neithei- the primary nor secondary mesenteries have any trace of muscular bands but in the structureless membrane of each an ovum is situated. Round these the endoderm is much thickened ; its nuclei are generally indistinct but towards the free surface it is crowded with fine granules. Over the structureless membrane a few larger granules are found and can be seen in every stage of their passage into the ova, where they form a row of granules round the periphery. The nucleus of the ovum is large with large nucleolus : no nuclear membrane however is generally \'isible.
Zoological Laeoratort, January 31, 1899.
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J.SG.ani Edf/in Wilson dei
nARniNF.R. COENOPSAMMIA,
ON THE INSECTS FKOM NEW BRITAIN. By D. sharp, M.A., MB., F.R.S.
With Plate XXXV.
The insects obtained by Dr Willey in Xew Britain and Lifu have ah-eady been the subject of a paper in the first part of these " Results'." The specimens of hexapodous Insects brought back by Dr Willey are fairly numerous. Except in Coleo- ptera and Orthoptera they are all from New Britain. The number of species in com- parison with the number of the specimens is very large, so that the collection is not of a kind that it is desirable to work out in complete detail. They show that New Britain is rich in insects, for unless this were the case it is impossible that Dr Willey should have obtained so many species as he did ; entomological research having been only subordinate to some other objects of his expedition ; besides which it must be recollected that his researches were confined to one or two localities on the coast.
Very little work has at present been published on the Entomology of New Britain. And even in the case of New Guinea — the larger island of which New Britain is so near a neighbour — the fauna has only been very imperfectly ascertained. In these notes I propose only to touch on certain species that can be advantageously dealt with.
As no allusion is subsequently made in this paper to certain of the Orders of Hexapoda I may here mention that the Neuroptera are represented by very few specimens, and that the Hemiptera have been entrusted to Jlr G. W. Kirkaldy for examination. The latter are extensive in comparison with the other Orders, and it is not probable that Mr Kirkaldy's account of them will be ready in time to be included in these " Results." Lepidoptera are represented in the collection by only a few larvae and pupae^.
' " Account of the Phasmidae, with notes on the Eggs," pp. 75 — 94, Plates VIII. and IX. Dr M. v. Brunn has since published (Mt. Mus. Hamburg, xv., 1898, p. 4) a note on the egg referred to on p. 89 and PI. IX. f. 39 as that of a Ci/phocraiiia without name, and for which the name of C. lianiUchi was suggested. According to Dr v. liruun, tliis insect is really the Cyphucraiiiii herculeana of Charpentier, Westwood having been wrong in treatin;; Charpentier's species as a synonjm of C. goliath. Herr Brunner v. Wattenw^l, in his expected monograph of Phasmidae, will separate these two species as a genus with the name Euri/ciiema Serv. : the name of this Phasmid will therefore be Eunjcnemu herculeana Cliarp.
- An account of the butterflies of New Britain has recently been published by Herr C. Bibbe in Deultche ent. ZeiUchr. Lep., 189M, pp. 3.0—133.
w. IV. 52
382 ox THE IXSECTS FROM NEW BRITAIN.
Order Coleoptera.
The collection of Coleoptera obtained by Dr Willey in New Britain numbers about 160 species. In 1883 Fairmaire published an essay on the Coleoptera of the New Britain archipelago' iu which he enumerated 176 species. Since then but little has been added. Upwards of one half of the species mentioned by Fairmaire are not represented in Dr Willey 's collection ; moreover the majority of the species enumerated by Fairmaire really came from Duke of York island.
In the following remarks I have mentioned onlv such names as add to the knowledge supplied by Fairmaire's paper. Many of the species procured by Dr Willey are clearly undescribed, but I do not think it desirable to deal with the obscure forms that are represented only by one or two specimens, or with others that cannot for various reasons at present be satisfactorily elucidated.
Dr Willey also procured a small collection of Coleoptera in Lifii. This is at present being studied by M. Albert Fauvel of Caen, who is well acquainted ■ivith the Coleoptera of New Caledonia.
Fajiilt LUCANIDAE.
Eurytrachelus intermedius Gestro, Ann. Mus. Genova, xvi., 1881, p. 317.
Plate XXXV. Figs. 3 a, 3 6, 3 c, 3 rf.
Dr Willey procured a good series of this rare stag-beetle in the neighbourhood of Blanche Bay ; nine specimens are of the teleodont form (Plate XXXV. Fig. 3 a), two of the mesodont form (Fig. 3 6), and two of the priodont (Fig. 3 c). There are also four females (Fig. 3 d). The forms of the male, besides differing in the mandibles, exhibit great variation in the sculpture. Gestro described the species from New Guinea, and Dr Willey's examples differ a little from Gestro's figure ; chiefly in that the mandibles are more slender and their teeth less largely developed. A specimen in the British Museum, reputed to be from Duke of York island, quite agrees with the New Britain specimens. E. intermedius is closely allied to E. ternatensis. The latter species is recorded by Fairmaii-e from Duke of York island, but we may anticipate that this record will prove erroneous : E. intermedius having been probably mistaken for E. ternatensis.
Family SCARABAEIDAE.
Phaeochrous alternatus Fairm. (t. c. p. 5). Several specimens of this beetle were taken from the stomach of Varanus indicus. It was not otherwise noticed.
? Xylotrupes gideon L. Plate XXXV. Figs. 1, 2.
Xylotrupes gideon is recorded from Duke of York island by Fairmaire, without any remark as to its variation. The four specimens of a male Xylotrupes procured by Dr Willey represent various grades of development of the horns of that sex, and
' Ann. Soc. ent, Belgique, xxvn., 1883, Pt. II., pp. 1 — 58.
ON THE INSECTS FROM NEW BRITAIN. 383
are of some interest as they exhibit no sign of the secondary projection on the lower horn, that is invariably found on the specimens of A'', gideon from India and Java. It i.s not possible in the present state of our knowledge to form an opinion as to whether these examples are a different species or not. M. van Lansberge has described a Dynastid fi'om the island of Flores (Endebiiis florensis) the male of which is said to be very similar to that sex of Xylotrupes gideon, while the female is so different that van Lansberge has proposed a distinct genus for the species. Dr Willey brought back only one female ,that could possibly be the other sex of the male we are discussing, but there is no certainty that it is so, and if the two insects are really the sexes of one species, it is clearly not X. gideon.
We have figured the profile of the head and thorax of a Javanese example of X. gideon (Plate XXXV. Fig. 2) for comparison with our New Britain insect.
Family MALACODERMIDAE.
There have long been known to entomologists some extremely remarkable larvae that probably are those of Lampyrides, or Lycides, though none of them have been satisfactorily identified '.
Dr Willey procured a most remarkable form of this kind, bearing long abdominal processes, that are segmented or articulated at the base (Plate XXXV. Figs. 4, 4 a, 4 b). I take this opportunity of drawing attention to these forms with the hope that some one may soon be able to give us some further information about them. Although the larvae I have mentioned as being presumably those of Lamp}Tides or Lycides, are of very diverse forms, yet they all have a head with well-developed mouth-parts, and capable of being retracted into the tubular cavity placed underneath the shield-like prothorax. They have also well-developed prothoracic legs terminated by a single claw. It is probable that they may prey on Mollusca.
Family CERAMBYCIDAE.
Arrhenotus willeyi, n. sp. Plate XXXV. Fig. 5.
Niger, parum nitidus, pube albicante variegatus, in elytris fasciis duabus flammulatis; prothorace, utrinque biaugulato, tuberculo inframarginali, elongate, acuto. Long. iO — 2-5 mm.
Head a good deal narrower behind the eyes, sparingly and in-egularly punctate, variegate with a few white spots. Thorax strongly transverse, a good deal narrower than the elytra, dorsum a little uneven, irregularly and variably spotted w itii white : on each side the margin forms in front a well-marked ])rominent angle, and in the middle a much more obscure obtuse angle ; below the margin there is an acute spine, white above, black below. Scutellum white on each side, black in the middle. Elytra much pnjduced on each side of the scutellum, and with a small angle projecting inwardly
' It appears probable tliat n fossil larva of this group has buen mistaken for a Crustacean allied to Apodidae. Cf. (iahan, Xaturnl Seifm-i', xii., 1898, p. 42.
52—2
384 ox THE INSECTS FROM NEW BRITAIN.
from the front part of the ba}' formed by their prominence ; base with a short carina projecting angularly at the shoulder : their surface marked with iiTegular and variable white spots, the largest of which are combined to form two transverse bands, very much indented, the anterior band is directly transverse, the posterior one strongly angulate, projecting forwai'ds at the suture ; behind these two bands some irregular white spots : the sculpture variable, there being some subseriate punctures, and the interstices being more or less longitudinally raised : the punctures at the basal parts of the sides are very numerous and coarse : tips truncate, each \vith a broad short spine externally. Under- surface, irregularly variegate with white.
The three individuals of this species are probably two of them female, one male ; if so there is very little difference between the sexes.
Thomson and Pascoe established several genera for the allies of Arrhenotus which were subsequently treated by Lacordaire as mere sections. A. luilleyi does not enter satisfactorily into any of these sections. In coloration and general appearance it some- what resembles Elais exarata Pascoe. (Trans, ent. Soc. London (3) III., PI. XIX. Fig. 7.)
Tmesisternus yorkensis.
SpJnngnotus yorkensis Fairmaire, Xaturaliste, 1881, p. 359: Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, XXVII., 1883, p. 47.
I refer a series of examples to this species notwithstanding the fact that they belong to the genus Tmesisternus, not Sphingnotus, and that they present some differ- ences from Fairmaii-e's description. The punctures of the el}-tra are not serially disposed ; the apical markings of the elj^ra and those on the abdominal segments are variable. The series procured by Dr Willey consists of 20 males and 12 females. The size varies fr-om a length of 19 to one of 27 mm., and this variation occurs equally in the two sexes. The peculiar swelling of the middle tibiae of the male also varies greatly, as does the sculpture on the anterior aspect of the swollen part. The males and females are very much alike, but can be invariably distinguished by the last ventral plate. This is longer in the female and is more or less longitudinally impressed along the middle, the impression behind becomes much broader. The male has no trace of this impression, and has more abundant dark hair on the apical part of the segment. In both sexes the hind angle of this plate projects back as a short spine, longer in the female than in the male.
Fairmaire's specimens were from Duke of York island. Not suspecting at first that Dr Willey's specimens belong to Fairmaire's species, I had proposed to give them the name of Tmesisternus tardus. Dr Jordan has described an allied form from New Guinea under the name of T. dohertyi, Nov. Zool. I. p. 500, and remarks that it is near T. yorkensis Fairm. ; it was this remark that led me to the above identification, which I believe will prove to be correct.
Diochares basigranatus Fairin. (t.c. p. 51). I think Fairmaire is correct in con- .sidering this distinct from D. fimbriatus. Dr Willey obtained two specimens of D. basigranutus. Fairmaire records (I.e.) D. fimbriatus from Duke of York island.
ON THE INSECTS FROM NEW BRITAIN. 385
Monohammus fasciatus Montrouzier (Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, vii., 18.5-5, p. G3).
Two specimens, agreeing with others from Woodlark island and New Guinea in my collection. Fairmaire records three other species of the genus from Duke of York island. Dr Willey obtained seven specimens, belonging possibly to four different species, near Blanche Bay, but this material is not adequate for the description of new species in the very difficult group of M. xylotrephes, to which these forms belong.
Batocera lactiflua Fairm. (t.c. p. 50). Fairmaire's type was a female, entirely white in colour. Dr Willey has obtained a single female of this peculiar species, but it is of a griseous colour, deeply suffused with pink.
Batocera nehulosa Bates (P. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p. 158). Recorded both by Bates and Fairmaii'e from Duke of York island : now obtained by Dr Willey in New Britain.
Xiphotheata luctifera Fairm. (Le Naturaliste, 1881, p. 359) PL XXXV. Figs. 6, 6 a, 6 6; Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxvii., 1883, p. 49. There appear to be only two species known of this rare and peculiar genus. Fairmaire grounded his species mainly on the fact of the male being destitute of the peculiar long horn on the front coxae, a character that is very conspicuous in X. saundersi. Dr Willey procured three males and one female of a Xiphotheata that I refer to Fairmaire's species. They show that the male character mentioned above is merely an individual one; the horn being present and very largely developed in two of these males (Plate XXXV. Fig. 6), and only a short spine in the other (Fig. 6 a). The female is easily distinguished by the entire absence of armature on the front tibia (as well as by the unarmed coxa, Plate XXXV. Fig. 6 b) and by the terminal ventral plate not being prolonged at the sides behind. Faii-maire's species may however be maintained, as the colour and sculpture are a little different from those of X. saiuidersi. This latter species was found by Wallace in Batchian, Morty, and Gilolo. Fairmaire's specimen was from Duke of York island.
Serixia longicornis Pascoe (Tr. ent. Soc. London, 3rd ser. ill. p. 339). Two specimens. Previously recorded from Singapore, Ceram, Batchian, Bourn, and (with doubt) Waigiou.
Glenea extreina, n. sp. Rufotestaceus, antennis nigris ; capite thoraceque ochraceo- tomentosis, hoc medio macula nigra ornato; elytris cyaneis, tomento griseo obscuratis, apice truncato, singulo angulo externo breviter spino,so, interno recto; pectore abdominisque lateribus ochraceo-tomentosis. Long. 13 mm.
Antennae slender, rather longer than the body (in the male ?), quite black. Thorax not quite so long as broad, a little constricted in front of the base. Elytra with numerous large punctures irregularly arranged and wanting behind, cyaneous, but both colour and sculpture rendered obscure by a dense, pallid, griseous tomentum ; there are numerous erect hairs at the shoulders : the humeral angles are sharply marked, fi'om each there extends backwards a carina that becomes obsolete before reaching the apex : very near to this more dorsal carina there is a second one that does not commence at the base, but becomes more definite behind, and projects .so as to form the terminal spine : the epipleural margin is also strongly raised : the sculpture on the pseud-epipleurae is very coarse, and the purple (or violet) colour is not obscured by tomentum as it is on
386 ox THE INSECTS FROM XEW BEITAIX.
the dorsum. The claws are very strongly toothed at the base. Four specimens, very similar to one another, and probably all males. The species appears to be nearer G. aluensis than any other.
Glenea venus Thomson. One specimen.
Family BRENTHIDAE. Cacoschizus, n. g. (Ceocephalides).
Tarsi quinque-articulati ; articulis 1° et 2° transversis, 3° quadrato, supeme latissime fere ad basin impresso, margine apicali sat profunde emarginato, 4° 5°que crassis, 4° paulo ultra apicem tertii extenso, ab quinto bene discreto, hoc ceteris conjunctis longitudine fere aequali.
I establish this genus for a Brenthid with very peculiar feet. The species I believe is Schizotrachelus schmeltzii Fairm. Lacordaire in describing the genus Schizo- trachelus (Genera Col. vii. p. 455) describes the tarsi as follows: " tarses spongieux en dessous, a articles 1 — 3 courts, egaux, 3 entier." In the structure of the feet Cacoschizus comes nearest to certain species of the genus Trachelizus, but from that genus it is readily distinguished b}' the head being separated from the neck by a verv deep constriction.
Cacoschizus schmeltzii. PI. XXXV. Fig. 7, c/ ; 7 a, $ : 7 b, hind foot of J'.
Schizotrachelus schmeltzii Faii-m., Ann. Soc. eut. Belgique, xxvil., 1883, Part il. p. 44.
Fairmaii-e described the male onlj', we figure the two sexes; in the structure of the feet the female agrees with the male. The peculiar tarsi are of considerable interest, as distinctly 5-jointed tarsi are of very rare occurrence in the Rhynchophorous series of Coleoptera. The resemblance of both the sexes of Cacoschizus to Trachelizus is very great, and though Schizotrachelus and Trachelizus are widely separated in Lacordaire's classification, I think they are nevertheless naturally allied.
Cacotrachelus, n. g. (Eutrachelides).
Mas. Caput elongatum, convexum ; rostrum breve, apice latiore, mandibulis brevibus spatio parvo includentibus. Antennae breves, crassae. Prothorax convexus, subovalis, anterius utrinque obsolete convexo, dorso posterius subtiliter canaliculato. Pedes breves crassiusculae, femoribus brevibus, basi hand pedicellato ; tibiis brevibus compressis, apice interne mucronato ; tarsis crassis, subtus spongiosis, articulato tertio breviter bdobato.
Lacordaire's gi-oup Eutrachelides consists of a single species of gigautic Brenthidae — Eutrachelus temmirickii — from Java. The genus I am at present establishing is totally different from Eutrachelus in appearance, but is I think really allied to it. I have long had in mj- collection a Brenthid from Java that is closely allied to the insect brought
ON THE INSECTS FROM NEW BRITAIN. 387
by Dr Wille}' from New Guinea, aud I will take this opportunity of briefly diagnosing it'. The coloration of these insects is very unusual, exhibiting as it does the yellow lines of the South-American Brenthides in a somewhat different form. From a taxo- nomical point of view Cacotrachelus is of considerable interest, as it might almost as well be placed amongst the S. American Brenthides as near Eutrachebis.
Cacotrachelus sculptipennis, n. sp. Plate XXXV. Fig. 8 j/^ ; 8 a $ , head and thorax from side.
Nigricans, capite thoraceque metallescentibus, femoribus tibiisque flavo-rufis ; elytris rufis, versus suturam piceis, interstitio tertio fere toto, 5° ad basin flavescentibus, crenato- sulcatis; capite thoraceque canaliculatis, illo ad verticem profunde impresso. Long, cum rostro, 8 mm.
Male. Rostrum broad and short, not so long as the thorax, thicker at the tip, deeply sulcate along the middle ; head elongate convex, canaliculate, the channel expanding behind into a broad deep depression; separated from the neck by a very deep de- pression ; the back of the head is somewhat depressed, and on each side with a small notch or fovea. Antennae inserted in the middle of the rostrum, thick and short, thicker towards the tip; joints 3 — 10 transverse, 9 and 10 distinctly longer than those preceding them, 11th joint acuminate, rather longer than broad. Prothorax longer than broad, rounded at the side and naiTowed in front, convex, impunctate, very distinctly channelled behind, the channel finer in front, and not reaching the anterior margin. Elytra but little prolonged behind, truncate at the tip, the outer angle slightly obtuse and the lateral margin strongly raised behind ; externally deeply grooved, the gi-ooves very regularly sculptured, the interstices narrow, the first and second striae are fine, and the first, second and third interstices comparatively broad, the sixth interstice is somewhat more prolonged and raised at the extreme base. The legs are short, reddish-yellow, the trochanters and tarsi blackish, the knees a little darker; all the legs provided with strong angular mucro at the tip of the tibia ; tibiae broad compressed, but less so in the middle than at the base and apex.
Female. Resembling the male, but with the rostrum slender, and only slightly thicker at the tip, the antennae inserted near the base, and the tibial mucros obsolete.
Ithystenus dehilis, n. sp. Plate XXXV. Fig. 9 ^.
(/. Niger, opacus, femoribus parte basaii rufa, elytris flavo-lineatis, ad apicem acumi- uibus duobus, brevibus, simplicibus ornatis. Long, cum rostro, 23 mm.
Allied to the New Guineau /. linearis, but smaller, with the yellow lines of the elytra extending nearly to the tip, and the apical processes, simple points, without lobe or swelling at their bases. The hind tibiae are remarkably short, but the femora extend
1 Cacotrachelus javamm n. sp. Picescens, pedibus ruBs, piceo-variegatis ; elytris regulariter crenato-sulcatis, dorso deplauato, apice subprolongato, truncate; externe, suturaque nigricantibius, interstitio tertio flavo, latiore, interstitiis 2" 4"iiue vage rufescentibus, 5" iterum llavoscontiore ; antennis crassiusculis, modice elongatis, apicem versus latioribus, articulis ultimis tribus paulo latioribus; tibiis interinediis et poatcrionbus parte supra medium crassiore. Long. <?, cum rostro, 13 mm. Hab. Willis mounttiins, .Java.
388 ON THE INSECTS FROM XEAV BRITAIN.
slightly beyond the tips of the ehi:ra. Only one specimen was found. The occurrence of this remarkable genus in New Britain or the Duke of York island has not been previously noticed.
Order Hymenoptera.
New Britain is evidently rich in Hymenoptera, as the small number of examples obtained by Dr Willey consists of comparatively many species. They belong chiefly to the Aculeata. I have not ventured to describe any of them except a species of Thynnus that possesses a peculiar abdominal structure. I may however allude to an abeiTation of instinct observed by Dr Willey in the case of a wasp of the genus Polistes (probabh- an undescribed species allied to P. colonicus). Instead of one egg being placed in each cell, there are several, as shown in Fig. 14, PI. XXXV., which represents five cells of the nest of the insect in question. The cell on the left, below, is closed for the purpose of pupation, and the one above it is empty. The three cells to the right contain, respec- tively, one .5, one 3, eggs, and the other (the one to the right) 2 just-hatched larvae. Notwithstanding the supernumerary eggs, only one larva in each cell attains maturity, though how the others are disposed of we do not know, Dr Willey ha^"ing made no observations on this point. Neither did he ascertain whether this aberration is com- mon in the species, or confined to this nest. He brought back the nest of a second, and smaller, species of Polistes (also probably undescribed), and in this case there is only one egg in each cell, as one would e.xpect. It does not seem possible to account for so striking an aberration of instinct as this, by supposing that there were more eggs produced than cells to place them in, because several of the cells in the nest are quite empty.
Family APIDAE.
KOPTORTHOSOMA sp.
Koptorthosoma sp. atF. K. aestuantis, Perkins, Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb. 1899, p. 38.
Mr R. C. L. Perkins has (1. c.) called attention to the very extraordinary sym- biosis of female bees of the genus Koptorthosoma and certain Acai'ids ; the bee being provided with a special chamber in the abdomen which is tenanted by the Acari. The males do not possess this structure ; Mr Perkins mentions the remarkable fact that in this species from New Britain the female is destitute of the special chamber, though it exists in the closely allied K. aestuans. Dr Willey only procured two females of this interesting species, and no male.
Fasiilt THYNNIDAE.
Thynnus serriger, n. sp. PI. XXXV., Fig. 13, $ ; 13 a, extremity of abdomen.
$. Nigricans, hie inde pallide setosus; scutello, abdominis maculis lateralibus, fasciaque mediana in medio interrupta, albicantibus. Long. 12 mm.
ON THE INSECTS FROM NEW BRITAIN. 389
Vertex of head shining, front densely and coarsely punctured and pubescent. Thorax transversely quadrate, rugose above, with a carina along the middle ; the small scutellum almost white, very hairy. Propodeum with very little sculpture, abruptly declivous behind ; the portion in front of the declivity very short. Abdomen with the tirst segment very deeply impressed in front, at the edge of the impression \ery hairy, especially in the middle; just behind the large impression there is a small depressed area, faintly metallic in colour, and coarsely punctured, but both the peculiar colour and sculpture are much concealed by the dense pubescence of this part. The second segment is covered above by coarse, transverse wrinkles, the following segments being smooth and polished. There is a pallid spot on each side of segments 1 — 4 ; that on the first segment stretches inwards towards its fellow, as does also that on the third segment; the spots on the 2nd and 4th segments are quite small. The peculiar plate at the end of the abdomen is terminated by a pair of saws (PI. XXXV. fig. 13 a).
Only one specimen was obtained of this species. Though in form, colour and sculpture similar to various other species of the genus, — T. atratus, e.g. — it is remark- able on account of the pair of saws at the extremity of the abdomen. Thynnidae are believed to depredate on pupae or larvae of Lepidoptera underground, and it is possible that these saws may be useful in penetrating cocoons. So little is known as to the life-histories of these peculiar insects that this suggestion can be considered as little more than a random guess. Dr Willey did not obtain any male Thynnus.
Order Diptera.
Of this neglected Order of Insects the specimens brought back from New Britain are few. They were all placed in spirit, and consequently are mostly, since drying, in a shrivelled condition : this method of collection being unsuitable for insects of this Order. All the collection was made in New Britain : Dr Willey did not bring back any Diptera from Lifu.
In addition to the four species I have ventured to describe, the collection in- cludes about 24 species. There are several Tipulidae of a commonplace character, looking like European insects. The family Stratiomyidae is represented by a pair of Engunia consobrinu, and two species of Ptecticus. The Engonia is of considerable interest on account of the great difference in the structure of the antennae of the two sexes. The male — which is twice the size of the female — has the intermediate joints of the antennae distinctly segmented, and the terminal three joints elongate, and densely hairy ; the terminal joint being remarkably long. In the female the intermediate joints are closely compacted and swollen, and the terminal joint is short.
The family Therevidae is represented by a new species of Leptipalpus allied to L. waigiensis Bigot. Asilidae are apparently common in New Britain, a species of Laphria (Maira) very near to L. cenea Macq. being represented by twelve specimens, and there are also two or three species of Oinmatias.
w. IV. • 53
390 ox THE INSECTS FROM NEW BRITAIN.
There are two species of Syrphidae in addition to the Einnerus described below. The Eumyiid lluscids are apparently numerous : the most remarkable being an apparently new RutiHa of very brilliant colours, but with the abdomen dark. Of Acalyptratae there are two forms allied to Calobata, and a species of Senopteinna.
Speaking roughly these Insects seem to be allied to both Australian and Malayan forms.
Family SYRPHIDAE.
Microdon pictipenne, n. sp.
Gracile, nigrum, coerulescenti-micans, hie inde aurato-pubescens, geniculis tarsisque testaceis; alls elongatis, hyalinis, nigro-pictis. Long. 10 m.m.
Head shining, violet ; the face on each side with a broad line of golden pubescence ; antennae black, with the basal joint yellow beneath, the third joint reaching nearly to the mouth, the seta inserted laterally near its base. Thorax violet, dull, bearing black pubescence, at the sides in front of the wings with golden pubescence ; there are also some golden hairs on the scutellum and along the sides of the dorsum. Abdomen slender, shaped like that of a wasp, violet, the sides and hind margins of the segments with some golden hair. Femora violet, the base of the tibiae and the tarsi yellow, the front tarsi more obscure yellow. Wings elongate, reaching about to the tip of the body, transparent, the nervures very strongly marked, black, the apical portion of the wing with some irregular black marks extending across the vdng. Halteres white. One specimen.
This species, like others of its congeners, has a pronounced general resemblance to Hymenoptera.
Eumerus speculifer, u. sp. PL XXXV. Fig. 10, hind-leg.
Niger, subaeneo-micans, abdomine lunulis albidis ornato, antennis geniculis, tarsisque sordide testaceis. Long. 7 m.m.
if Head black, between the eyes, above the antennae rendered snow-white by a very fine depressed pubescence : eyes meeting in front, and separated on the vertex by only a very narrow space. Antennae very short and broad, sordid yellow. Thorax black and shining, almost destitute of pubescence ; the crenulations of the scutellum very deep, some of them projecting behind as minute denticles. Squama and antisquama white. Abdomen densely punctate, dull black, more shining at the base ; the basal segment at the sides, with long, pale grey pubescence, on the dorsum with two small, white, almost round marks : the second and third segments each with an elongate, curved, white mark on each side. Legs black, extreme tips of femora and bases of the tibiae sordid j'ellow. Hind leg with the basal joint of the tarsus very much enlarged, and on the under side set with dense adpressed, pure white pubescence, which catches the light in certain directions, and looks like quicksilver; the following joint also some- what enlarged ; the under surface of the tibia also covered with white hair which is not adpressed. One specimen.
ON THE INSECTS FEOM NEW BEITAIN. 391
Van der Wulp has figured the leg of E. argyropus (from New Guinea) in Termes. Fiizetek, 1898, PI. XX. Fig. 6: in it the tarsus is less enlarged, and all the four following joints are simple and symmetrical. E. argentipes Walk., according to the type in the British Museum, has the hind feet very differently shaped.
Family ORTALIDAE. (Muscidae acalyptratae.)
Lamprogaster austeni, n. sp. PI. XXXV. Fig. 11 $ ; 11 «, 11 &, 11 c.
Thorace dorsoque abdominis viridi-purpureis, capite pedibusque flavis, illo vertice fusco ; abdomine subtus niembranaceo utrinque versus apicem vesiculo protuberante ; alis subopacis, basi et dimidio anteriore aurantiacis. Long. 12 m.m.
Antennae received in deep, elongate ear-like depressions ; first joint hardly visible, second moderate, third elongate, twice as long as the second, bearing at its base an arista twice as long as itself, and bare except for a few fine hairs at the base. Head yellow with the vertex broadly fuscescent along the middle, a dark streak on each side below the antenual cavity ; palpi yellow, labellum blackish. Thorax metallic, shining, feebly pubescent, underface of scutellum yellow. Wings elongate, rendered dull by a dense dis- tinct strigosity, the anterior part, and even the veins, dark yellow : squama ver}' large, completely covering the halter. Legs clear yellow.
The metallic tint varies in colour, and may be in parts bluish or purplish.
The male has a large white, round vesicular prominence at each side of the abdomen (Fig. 11 h), and the genitalia project between the pair of prominences. The female has a very large, pap-like projection, instead of the round prominence of the male ; at the tip, between the two paps, there is a rounded prominence from which projects the slender, two-segmented ovipositor (Fig. 11 c).
The peculiar, vesicular structures of the abdomen shrivel after the insect is taken from spirit and dried : and they also, I anticipate, only take on their full development in life when the insect is sexually mature and occupied with reproduction. The species is very like L. elonguta van der Wulp (from Batchian) but independent of the abdominal structure it differs by its less elongate form, and by the colour of the undersurface of the abdomen and hind coxae being yellow.
I have named this remarkable fly in honour of E. E. Austen, Esq., of the British Museum, Natural History, who kindly assisted me in tracing its affinities. No one, un- familiar with the intricate but unsatisfactory state of classification of Muscid flies would dream of assigning a place to this insect amongst the Acalyptrate Muscidae, as the halters are hooded in the most perfect manner.
GlRAFFOMYlA, n. g Muscidarum acalyptrataru
m.
Corpus elongatum, nitidum, pubescentiae destitutum. Prothorax elongatus ; caput libcrum permobile, a thorace utrinque scleriti cervicale elongato separatum. Pectus valde prominulum, ]ie(iibus intermediis et posterioribus contiguis, a pedibus anterioribus longe remotis. Scutellum bispinosum. Caput marium interdum processu elongato ornatum.
53-2
392 ON THE IXSECTS FROM NEW BRITAIN.
This genus may be placed near Angitula Walker and Phytalmia Gerst. It is remark- able on account of the elongation of the neck and its peculiar articulation ^vith the head by means of an elongate cervical sclerite on each side ; and also by the prominence of the breast whereby the middle legs are rendered contiguous with the posterior pair, and are remote from the front pair. It also departs from Angitula by a slight peculiarity of the wing-nervuration, the 3rd and 4th veins being more widely separated and the cross-vein longer : in this respect it agrees with an insect from New Guinea, separated by Mr Austen in the British Museum collection as a new genus allied to Angitula. The genus Phytalmia Gerst. (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1860, p. 169, PI. II. Fig. 3) has much in common with Giraffomyia but in it the thorax is not elongated.
In some of the specimens the head is ornamented by a pair of peculiar large pro- cesses that are apparently capable of movement by aid of a constriction placed near the base. Several other Acalyptrate Muscids possess peculiar projections on the head. This is well known in the case of the genus Elaphomyia. The genus Clitodoca also possesses cephalic processes. In none of the forms is there however any trace of the projections being divided into two segments except in the case of Giraffomyia. It is very curious if it i^rove, as I expect it will, that so exceptional a structure should be present only in some of the individuals of the male sex of the same species. Of six specimens the two females do not possess the structure, and of the four males, one is entirely ^^^thout it, while the other three possess it in very different degrees of development. When largely developed it is accompanied by a considerable change in the form of the eye. The genus Phytalmia has appendages somewhat like those of Giraffomyia, but not divided at the base.
Walker places Angitula in the subfamily Sepsides. Gerstaecker has assigned no position to Phytalmia.
Giraffomyia willeyi, n. sp. PI. XXXY. Fig. 12, ^ ; 12 a, profile of ^ ; 12 6, front of head of male.
Gracilis, viridi-aenea, nitida, pedibus flavis, nigi'o-variegatis, alarum margine anteriore argute nigi-a; capite aurantiaco, vertice fuscescente, ad marginem interiorem oculonim albido-lineato. Long. 16 m.ni.
Mas ; capite utrinque processu magno, prope basin quasi articulato, apice laminam curvatam flavam, nigi-o-marginatam formante.
Of this curious insect Dr Willey obtained at least two males. The colour of the body and abdomen is a bras.sy-green, very shining. The head is pallid underneath the antennae ; behind this it is of a tawny-orange colour, with a very fine white or silvery line close to the eye : the vertex is fuscescent. The elongate cervical sclerites connecting the head with the thorax are rather more than 1 m.m. long. The prothorax and abdomen are membranous beneath. The surface is very polished and free from pubescence, but there are punctures on the dorsal aspect of the thorax and some fine transverse wrinkles on the me.sonotum. The long legs are yellow, with the tips of the femora and tibiae and %vith the long tarsi blackish. The wings are transparent, with the front margin coloured so as to form a very definite black stripe, and vnth this is connected a patch of black
ON THE INSECTS FROM NEW BRITAIN. ' 393
colour along the antero-external cross-vein. The only setae are, one behind each eye, and a fringe of erect hairs along the free hind-margin of the vertex. The lialteres are white and are placed at the junction of the perpendicular metanotum with the abdomen.
Although the specimens above alluded to are certainly males, they differ considerably in the form of the peculiar cephalic appendages. Each appendage consists of two parts: a basal portion, which is a direct continuation of the membranous undersurface of the head, prolonged immediately beneath the eye and causing a large emargination therefore ; and a second terminal part, which is harder and separated from the basal part bj' a deep constriction ; at this point the appendage appears to be capable of a great deal of move- ment. In one of the two specimens the basal prominence is very large ; while in the other (PI. XXXV. Fig. 12, 12 a, 12 &) it is quite small.
Besides the two individuals described in the above lines, Dr Willey brought back four other specimens considerably smaller in size, and concerning which I am in doubt as to whether they may be a distinct species or small examples of G. willeyi. Two of them are males, and two of them females. The smallest specimen is only 9 m.m. long. Both the females and one of the males are entirely destitute of the peculiar cephalic append- ages, while the other male possesses a vei-y small pair. I treat them as being a small form of G. willeyi.
394 ON THE INSECTS FROM NEW BRITAIN.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV.
(Sharp, Insecta.)
Fig. L Profile of head and thorax of Xylotrupes gideon (1), male, from New Britain.
Fig. 2. Profile of head and thorax of Xylotrupes gideon male, from Java.
Fig. 3. Front of head and mandibles of various forms of Eurytrachelus intermedius from New Britain ; viz. 3 a teleodont c? , 3 6 mesodout male, 3 c priodont male, 3 d female.
Fig. 4. Malacoderm Coleopterous larva ; 4 seen from above ; 4 a profile ; 4 b one of the abdominal appendages more enlarged.
Fig. 5. Arrhenotus willeyi.
Fig. 6. Anterior legs of individuals of Xip/wtheata luctifera ; %-iz. 6 front leg of large male ; 6 a front leg of small male ; 6 h front leg of female.
Fig. 7. Cacoschizus schmeltzi $.
jj ' ^. J) >j -f •
,, 7 h. „ „ hind foot of $ .
„ 8. Cacotrachelus sculptipennis S-
„ 8 a. „ ,, Profile of head and thorax of ? .
„ 9. Ithystenus debilis <? .
„ 10. Eurnems speculifer, hind leg.
„ 11. Lamprogaster austeni ?; 11a front of head; 116 uudersurface of abdomen of $ ; lie undersurface of abdomen of female.
„ 12. Giraffomyia tmlltyi $ ; 12a profile; 12 6 front of head.
„ 13. Thynnus serriger $; 13 a extremity of abdomen seen from l.)ehind.
„ 14. Five cells from nest of Policies sp. illustrating the aberration of instinct described on p. 388.
WiLLEY Zoological Results
Plate XXXV
Iff^ /^ ^
SHARP. INSECTA
Edwin WiUon C»ml)nel>jo
ON THE STOMATOPODA AND MACRURA BROUGHT BY DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS.
By L. a. BORRADAILE, M.A.,
Lecturer at Selwyn College, Cambridge.
With Plates XXXVI.— XXXIX.
Dr Willey's collection of Stomatopoda and Macrura contains in all 82 species, of which 20, rather less than a quarter, appear to be new to science. Notes on some of these, short lists of references to others, and brief diagnoses of the new species in the families Sqnillidae and Pontoniidae will be found in papers published by the Author in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' and in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History".
The specimens were collected in New Britain, the eastern archipelago of British New Guinea, New Caledonia and the Loj'alty Islands, and the New Hebrides.
In New Britain the following forms were obtained : —
1. Protosquilla cerebralis Brooks [Pigeon Island].
2. Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.) [Talili Bay, Raluu].
var. anancyrus nov. [Talili Bay].
3. Odontodactylus scyllarus (Linn.).
4. Pseudosquilla ciliata (Fabr.) [Blanche Bay].
•5. Lysiosquilla biminiensis Bigelow, var. •pacificus nov. [Blanche Bay].
6. Penaeus fissurus Bate [Talili Bay].
7. Penaeus canaliculatus (Oliv.).
8. Stenopiis hispidus (Oliv.) [Blanche Bay].
9. Atya moluccensis de Haan [near Cape Gazelle].
10. Periclimenes parvus Borradaile [Blanche Bay].
11. Periclimenes tenuipes Borradaile [Ralun].
12. Pontonia ascidicola Borradaile [Blanche Bay].
13. Palaemo7i lar Fabr. [near Cape Gazelle].
14. Palaemon iveberi de Man [near Schultze Point].
15. Palaemonopsis willeyi sp. n. [Ralun].
1 P. Z. S., 1898, pp. 32, 457, and 1001. = A.nn. Mag. N. H. (7) ii. p. 377 (1898).
396 ON THE STOMATOPODA AND MACRURA BROUGHT BY
16. Pandalas {Parapandalus) serratifrons sp. n. [Blanche Bay].
17. Pandalus {Para'pandalus) tenuipes sp. n. [Blanche Baj'].
18. Pandalus (Parapandalus) longirostris sp. n. [Blanche Bay].
19. Heterocarpus ensifer A. M.-Edw. [Blanche Bay].
20. Synalpheus hiunguiculatus Stimps. [Blanche Bay].
21. Alpheus obesomamts Dana [Blanche Bay].
22. Alpheus laevis Randall [Blanche Bay].
23. Panulirus deniani nom. nov. [Blanche Bay].
24. Callianassa novae-britanniae sp. n.
25. Eiconaxius taliliensis sp. n. [Talili Bay].
26. Galathea elegans Adams and White.
27. Galathea grandirostris Stimps. [Talili Bay].
28. Munida scabra Henderson [Talili Bay].
var. longimanus nov. [Talili Bay].
29. Munida japonica Stimps. [Talili Bay].
30. Munida semoni Ortm. [Talili Bay].
31. Pagurus deformis H. M.-Edw. [Pigeon Isl.].
32. Pagurus asper de Haan [Blanche Bay].
33. Pagurus gemmatus H. M.-Edw.
34. Coenobita compressus H. M.-Edw. [Palakuvur].
35. Remipes admirabilis Thallw. [Blanche Bay].
36. Remipes ovalis A. M.-Edw.
37. Remipes celaeno de Man [Blanche Bay].
38. Albunea microps Miers [Blanche Bay].
In New Guinea: —
1. Periclinienes pai-asiticus Boiradaile [Milne Bay].
2. Anchistus miersi (de Man) [D'Entrecasteaux Group].
3. Anchistus biunguiculatus Borradaile [D'Entrecasteaux Group].
4. Conchodijtes meleagiinae Peters [Conflict Group. Engineer Group].
5. Pandalus {Parajxuidalus) tenuipes sp. n. [D'Entrecasteaux Group].
6. Saron marmoratus (Oliv.) [Louisiades].
7. Alpheus acjlaopheniae sp. n. [Engineer Group].
8. Callianidea tijpa H. M.-Edw. [Sariba].
9. Petrolisthes hastatus Stimps. [Sariba].
10. Petrolisthes lamarcki (Leach) [Sariba].
var. fimbriatus Borradaile [Sariba].
11. Pagurus deformis H. M.-Edw. [Conflict Group].
12. Pagurus setifer H. M.-Edw. [Conflict Group].
13. Pagurus euopsis Dana [Conflict Group].
In New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands : —
1. Protosquilla cerebralis Brooks [Lifu].
2. Protosquilla trispinosa -Dana [Lifu].
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 397
3. Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.) [Lifu].
var. smithi Pocock [Lifu]. var. anancyrus nov. [Lifu].
4. Squilla multituherculata Borradaile [Lifu].
5. Pseudosquilla ciliuta (Fabr.) [Uvea].
ti. Pericliiiienes spiniyerus (Ortin.) [Lifu].
7. Penclimenes lifaensis Borradaile [Lifu].
8. Goralliocaris inaequalis Ortm. [Lifu].
9. Leander pacijicus Stimps. [Isle of Pines].
10. Rhynchociiietes typiis H. M.-Edw. [Lifu].
11. Parhippolyte uveae sp. n. [Uvea].
12. Alpheinus tridens sp. n. [Lifu].
13. Synalpheus demani nom. nov. [Lifu].
14. Synalpheus neomeris (de Man) [Lifu].
15. Alpheus laevis Randall [Lifu].
16. Alpheus gracilidigitus Miers, var. [Isle of Pines].
17. Alpheus diadema Dana [Lifu].
18. Alpheus obesomanus Dana [Lifu].
19. Alpheus frontalis Say [Lifu].
20. Panulirus hispinosus sp. n. [Lifu].
21. Panulirus penicillatus (Oliv.) [Lifu].
22. Paribacus antarcticus (Rumph) [Lifu].
23. Scyllarus sieboldi de Haan [Lifu].
24. Galathea australiensis Stimps. [Lifu].
25. Galathea affinis Ortm. [Lifu].
26. Galathea spinimanus sp. n. [Lifu].
27. Porcellana sollasi Whitelegge [Lifu].
28. Petrolisthes hispinosus sp. n. [Lifu].
29. Petrolisthes lamarchi, var. fimbriatus Borradaile [Lifu].
30. Pachycheles sculptus (H. M.-Edw.) [Lifu].
var. tuberculatus nov. [Lifu].
31. Pachycheles lifuensis sp. n. [Lifu].
32. Pagurus asper de Haan [Lifu],
33. Pagurus deforrnis H. M.-Edw. [Lifu].
34. Pagurus setifer H. M.-Edw. [Lifu].
35. Pagurus gemmatus H. M.-Eihv. [Lifu].
36. Pagurus punctulatus Oliv. [Lifu].
37. Pagurus strigatus (Herbst) [Lifu].
38. Coenobita clypeatus (Herbst) [Lifu].
39. Coenobita perlatus H. M.-Edw. [Lifu].
40. Coenobita spinosus H. M.-Edw. [Lifu].
41. Coenobita coinpressus H. M.-Edw. [Lifu].
42. Coenobita rugosus H. M.-Edw. [Lifu].
43. Birgus latro (Linn.) [Lifu].
w. IV. 54
398 ON THE STOMATOPODA AND MACRURA BROUGHT BY
44. Bemipes testudinarius Latr. [Lifu].
45. Remipes pacificus Dana [Isle of Pines, Lifu].
46. Remipes celaeno de Man [Isle of Pines].
In the New Hebrides : —
Coenobita compressus H. M.-Edw.
The macmran fauna of the various localities, so far as it is revealed by the above lists, will be seen to be essentially similar throughout. Further, with one exception {Lysiosquilla biminiensis), all the known species are already recorded from the Indo- pacific region.
It is interesting to notice that in several instances species on our roll are also represented in the West Indies, either by forms so far as is known identical with those from the Pacific, or by slightly different species or varieties.
The following is a list of such forms : Indopacific form.
1. Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.)
2. Pseudosquilla ciliata (Fabr.)
3. Lysiosquilla biminiensis, var. pacificus nov.
4. Stenopus hispidus (Oliv.)
.5. Heterocarpixs ensifer A. M.-Edw.
6. Panulirus penicillatus (Oliv.)
7. Petrolisthes lamarcki (Leach)
West Indian representative.
G. oerstedi Hansen'.
P. ciliata, var. occidentalis nom. nov.^
L. biminiensis Bigelow.
S. hispidus.
H. ensiferr.
P. guttatus (Fabr.)l
P. lamarcki, var. asiaticus (Leach)*.
The following species in Dr Willey's collection occur also in sub-tropical Australia : —
1. Protosquilla trispinosa (Dana) [Swan River']
2. Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.) [Swan River'].
3. Penaeus canalicidatus (Oliv.) [Port Jackson => "].
4. Alpheus laevis Randall [Port Jackson'].
5. Galathea australiensis Stimps. [Port Jackson''*].
6. Pagurus deformis H. M.-Edw. [Port Jackson"].
7. Coenobita rugosus H. M.-Edw. [Sydney'].
8. ? Coenobita spinosus H. M.-Edw. [Sydney'].
The following in New Zealand": — •
1. Protosquilla trispinosa (Dana).
2. Palaemon lar Fabr.
3. Rhynchocinetes typus H. M.-Edw.
1 See below, under G. chirnijra. ^ See below, under P. ciliata.
- Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. vi. Syst. p. 29. ■* See P. Z. S., 189S, pp. 464 — 467. Var. asiaticus is also Indopacific.
5 Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust., Syduey 1882. « Whitelegge, J. E. Soc. N.S.W. xxiii. pp. 224, 232.
' Miers, Cat. N. Z. Crust, pp. 77, 87, 90.
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS, 399
Turning now to a systematic survey of the material, we may notice at the outset the relative extent to which the various groups of Macrura and Stomatopoda are represented.
There are seven species of Stomatopoda, belonging to six out of the nine genera of that order. Of these species one, a Squilla, is new. lu the Macrura. the Penaeidea are represented by two species of Penaexis, the Stenopidea by one species of Stenopus, the Caridea by 32 species from 17 genera, the Loricata by .5 species from 3 genera, the Thalassinidea by three species from as many genera, and the Anomala bv 32 species from 9 genera. The 19 new species in this suborder are distributed as follows: in the Caridea there are 13, in the Thalassinidea 2, in the Loricata one, and in the Anomala three.
Of the 38 genera in the whole collection, the most numerously represented is Alpheus, with six species ; PericUinenes, on the other hand, has both absolutely and relatively' the largest number of new species (four out of five).
Conspicuous by their absence are the Astacidea and the Crangoninea.
Sub-class. THORACOSTRACA.
Order. STOMATOPODA.
Family. Squillidae.
Genus. Protosquilla, Brooks, 1886. 1. Protosquilla cerebralis Brooks, 1886.
Protosquilla cerebralis Brooks, 'Challenger' Stomatopoda, p. 72, PI. XIV. Figs. 2 and 3, XVI. Figs. 2 and 3 (1886); Borradaile, P. Z. S. 1898, PL V. Fig. 6a.
Brooks's specimens of P. cerebralis were all females. Fortunately, however, Dr Willey's collection contains a male specimen, so that it has been possible [P. Z. S. loc. cit.l to figure for this species the peculiar structure on the endopodite of the fir.«t abdominal appendage of male Stomatopoda.
The outer leaf of the last joint of this organ is smaller than the inner, <.ii which it is borne as a lobe, and from which it is not sundered by a suture. The fixed limb of the pincers is hook-shaped, while the movable limb is bent sharply and of a shape something like that of a boomerang. The first joint is produced on the outside at the free end.
Two % from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands. One ^ from Pigeon Island, New Britain.
' With the exception, of course, of the new genera Palaemonopsis, Parhippolyte, and Alpheinus, each founded for a single new species.
54-2
400 ox THE STOMATOPODA AND MACRURA BROUGHT BY
2. Protosquilla trispinosa (Dana), 1852.
Gonodactylus trispinosus, White, List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 75 (1847) nom. nud. ; Dana, Zool. U. S. Expl. Espd., Crust, i. p. 623 (1852); Miers, Cat. N. Zeal. Crust., p. 90; Ann. Mag. X. H. (5) v. p. 121, PL III. Fig. 10 (1880); Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust., p. 211 (1882).
Protosquilla trispinosa Brooks, Challenger Stomatopoda, p. 71 (1886); Borradaile, P. Z. S., 1898, p. 34, PI. V. Figs. 1, la (1898).
The following is an amended diagnosis of this species : —
"A Protosquilla with the lateral spines of the rostrum nearly as long as the median; carapace with angles nearly rectangular, anterior more acute than posterior; fifth and eighth thoracic segments with the lateral margin subacute, sixth and seventh with the same somewhat square ; first abdominal segment with one, second to fourth with two lateral sulci ; fifth longitudinally corrugated ; sixth with six tubercles bearing fine spinules, and clearly marked off from the telson ; the latter with a median and two lateral large tubercles covered with fine spinules, the median anterior to the two laterals, and with the posterior border divided by deep narrow fissures into six lobes ; submedian, intermediate and lateral spines of the telson small and sunk in notches, several submedian spinules; outer spine of basal prolongation of uropod (6th abdominal limb) larger than inner, not armed with a tooth on its inner margin."
Length about 40 mm.
For figures see P. Z. S. 1898, PI. V. Figs. 1, la.
1 $ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Genus. Gonodactylus Latr., 1825.
3. Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.), 1793.
Squilla chiragra, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. in., 1, p. 513 (1793).
Gonodactylus chiragra Latreille, Encycl. Meth., x. p. 473 (1825) ; Miers, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) V. p. 118 (1880); Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust, p. 210 (1882); de Man, Zool. Jahrb. x. Syst. p. 694, PL XXXTIII. Fig. 77 (1898); Borradaile, P. Z. S. 1898, p. 34, Pis. V. Fig. 4, and YL Fig. 8.
Gonodactylus smithii Pocock, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) xi. p. 475, PL XX. B, Fig. 1 (1893).
De Man (loc. cit.) selects as the type of this species the form with the middle keel of the telson anchor-shaped. He further separates from it a variety which he names acutirostris and characterises as follows : —
1. Middle keel of telson not anchor-shaped.
2. Keels of submedian spines of telson converge from behind forwards.
3. Outer angles of rostrum acute.
There are in the present collection four specimens of a variety intermediate between the type and var. acutirostris. .In these specimens the telson has not the anchor-
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 401
shaped middle keel ; but neither are the outer angles of the rostrum sharp, and the keels of the sabmedian telson-spines do not converge forwards. Should a name for this variety be thought necessary, it is here proposed to call it var. anancyrus.
To these three varieties may be added that distinguished by Pocock in 1893 {loc. cit.) under the name of G. smithii, and characterised as follows': —
1. The keels of the sixth abdominal segment and telson are more compressed than in the type.
2. The keels of the sixth abdominal segment are produced, without constriction into long spines.
3. The upper edge of the middle keel of the telson is almost straight, and is produced backwards into a spine.
4. The 'flukes' of the anchor on the telson are represented by two narrow ridges running forwards from the hind end of the middle keel.
5. On each side of the first five abdominal tergites is a small, sharply-defined, dark spot.
Lastly, the Gonodactylus oerstedi of Hansen^ may be considered in connection with the above forms, since it differs from them no more than they from one another, and rests its claim to specific rank mainly on its geograiihical distribution. It is characterised by the presence of a small swollen ridge on the inside of the keel of the intermediate spine of the telson, and in other respects resembles the type variety of G. chiragra. It is at present known only from the West Indies and east coast of America.
The distinguishing marks of the above forms may be set forth in key form as follows : —
1. Without a swollen ridge on the inside of the keel of the intermediate telson- spine. Distribution Indopacific.
2. Keels of sixth abdom. segment and telson rounded, not produced without constriction into spines. Middle keel of telson without a spine.
3. Middle keel of telson anchor-shaped.
Variety A. (type).
3'. Middle keel of telson not anchor-shaped.
4. Outer angles of rostrum not acute. Keels of submedian telson-spines not con- verging forwards.
Variety B. {anancyrus).
4'. Outer angles of rostrum acutely pointed. Keels of submedian telson-spines converging forwai'ds.
Variety C. (acutirostris).
' P. Z. S., 1893, p. 34, where it is claimed that this form is but a variety of G. chiragra. 2 Plankton-exped., laop. Cum. u. Stem., p. 65. See also P. Z. S. loc. cit., PI. V., Fig. 3.
402 ON THE STOMATOPODA AND MACRURA BROUGHT BY
2'. Keels of sixth abdom. segment and telson compressed. Keels of sixth abdom. segment produced without constriction into long spines. Middle keel of telson ending iti a sjDine.
Variety D. {smithi).
V. With a swollen ridge oa the inside of the keel of the intei'mediate telson- spine. Distribution Atlantic.
Variety (?) E. {G. oerstedi Hansen).
The specimens in the present collection include : —
i. Var. A. (type). 1 J' and 1 $ from the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia ; 2 J and 3 $ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands; 1 ? from Talili Bay, New Britain; 1 $ from Ealun, New Britain.
ii. Var. B. (anancyrns). 1 j/ from Talili Bay ; 2 $ from Lifu ; 1 j/ loc. ?
iii. Var. D. (smithi). 2 j" and 2 $ from Lifu.
Genus. Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1895. 4. Odontodactylus scyllarus (Linn.), 1758.
For references see P. Z. S. 1898, p. 36. 1 % from New Britain.
Genus. Pseudosquilla Dana, 1852. 5. Pseudosquilla ciliata (Fabr.), 1793.
Squilla ciliata, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ill., 1, p. 512 (1793).
Pseudosquilla ciliata, Miers, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) V. p. 108 (1880); Brooks, 'Challenger' Stomatopoda, p. 53, PI. XV. Fig. 10 (1886); Borradaile, P. Z. S. 1898^ p. 36.
The present specimens agree with that of Brooks from Honolulu and that brought by Mr Gardiner from Funafuti (P. Z. S. loc. cit.) in the following points in which they differ from Brooks's West Indian specimens.
1. The fourth abdominal segment has no spine at the hinder angle.
2. The inner spine of the basal prolongation of the uropod is longer than the outer.
Should these differences prove to be characteristic of the forms from the two regions the name of var. occidentalis would be a suitable one to apply to that from the West Indies.
1 % from Uvea, Loyalty Islands. 1 ^ from Blanche Bay, New Britain.
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 403
Genus. Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852. 6. Lysiosquilla bimimensis Bigelow, 1893, var. pacificus uov.
Lysiosquilla himinieTisis Bigelow, Job. Hop. Univ. Circ. c\'l., p. 102 (1893); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XVII. p. 504, Figs. 4—7 (1895).
A single male specimen from New Britain seems to belong to a variety of this species. The resemblance to Bigelow's figures and description is complete save in the following small points : —
1. The movable submedian spines of the telson are stouter than in Bigelow's figure, while the innermost pair of submedian spinules are minute.
2. The outer spine oa the basal prolongation of the uropod is slightly longer than it is figured for the type.
3. The antennal scales are somewhat smaller.
■4. In addition to the markings shown by Bigelow there is a narrow band of deep black (in spirit) on the hinder edge of each segment from the sixth thoracic to the fifth abdominal inclusive.
These differences do not seem sufficient to justify the separation of the form in question from the West Indian species, and it is accordingly proposed to call it var. pacificus, emphasizing thereby its interesting distribution. L. bimimensis is the only species in the collection already known and not recorded from the Indopacific region, and forms one of the list already given to illustrate the coincidences between the Macruran and Stomatopodan fauna of the West Indies and that of the South Sea Islands visited by Dr Willey.
Genus. Squilla Fabr., 1793.
7. Squilla multituberculata Borradaile, 1898.
Squilla multituberculata, Borradaile, P. Z. S. 1898 p. 38, PI. VI. Fig. 7, 7a — 7c.
The short diagnosis accompanying the figures of this species in the above-mentioned paper may be here amplified with certain further details.
The rostrum is sub-rectangular, somewhat narrower behind than before, without carinae, and with the antero-lateral angles produced, bent downwards, and acute.
The eyes are elongate and flattened from above downwards, and their cornea consists of two roughly hemispherical portions set side by side on the end of the stalk.
The carapace is small, narrower before than behind, with rounded angles and the hinder border somewhat concave. The sides of the fifth thoracic segment are sharp, those of the sixth to eighth subtruncate.
The antennae have long stalks, and the last joint of the scale of the second pair is small.
In the great claw the last joint is stout, bearing on the inside four teeth (in- cluding the terminal tooth), and on the outside three short teeth at the base.
The tail fin. The sixth abdominal segment bears eight roughly longitudinal ridges and a few scattered knobs. It has two small blunt processes on the hinder edge, and
404 ON THE STOMATOPODA AND MACRURA BROUGHT BY
is sharply marked oflf from the telson. The latter is rather strongly convex, and is covered with small blunt spines. Along the middle line runs a raised ridge, grooved above. The marginal spines are small, and can hardly be seen from above. The sub- medians have a movable tip. There are four or five submedian spinules and five or six lateral. The uropod has a large basal joint, with the outer of the two spines on its prolongation obsolescent. The two joints of the exopodite are subequal, the first bearing eight spines on the outside. The endopodite is shorter than the exopodite. The latter equals the telson.
In the male the basal joint of the endopodite of the first abdominal appendage is broad and armed with long stout hairs. The inner leaf of the end-joint is some- what narrow. The outer leaf is narrow, and is shorter than the inner, behind which it is hidden ^ The limbs of the pincers are long and narrow.
1 (/ and 2 %, from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Order. DECAPODA.
Sub-Order. MACRURA.
Tribe. PENAEIDEA.
Family. Penaeidae.
GE^X'S. Penaeus Fabr., 1798.
8. Penaeus fi^suriis Bate, 1888.
Penaeus fissurus Bate, " Challenger," Macrura, p. 2G3, PL XXXVI. , Fig. 1. 1 $ from Talili Bay, New Britain.
9. Penaeus canaliculatus (Oliv.), ISll.
Palaemon canaliculatus, Olivier, Encycl. Meth. viii. p. 660 (1811). Penaeus canaliculatus, H. M. -Edwards, H. X. Crust. II. p. 414 (1837) ; Bate "Challenger," Macrura, p. 243, PL XXXII. Figs. 1, 2 (1888). 1 (/ fi-om New Britain.
Tribe. STENOPIDEA.
Family. Stenopidae.
Genus. Stenopus Latr., 182.5.
10. Stenopus hispidus (Oliv.), 1811.
Palaemon hispidus, Olivier, Encycl. Meth. viii. p. 666, PL XIX., Fig. 2 (1811). Stenopus hispidus, Latreille, Desmarest's " Consid. s. 1. Crust.," p. 227 (182.5) ; Adams, Voy. ' Samarang,' p. 61 (18.50) ; Herrick, Mem. Nat. Ac. Sci. v. 4, p. 348, Pis. V., XIII.
1 Thus it is not shown in the figure gi%'eu in the P. Z. S. loc. cit. The lobe underlying the movable limb of the pincers in this figure was drawn in error and does not exist.
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 405
The specimens agree with Herrick's description of the West Indian examples com- pletely, even in the points in which the latter differ from Adams's figures. 2 c/ and 1 $ from Blanche Bay, New Britain.
Tribe. CARIDEA.
Family. Atyidae.
Gends. Atya Leach, 1S17.
11. Atya moluccensis de Haan, 1849.
Atija moluccensis, de Haan, Faun. Japon., Crust., p. 186 (1849) ; Miers, Ann. Mag. N. H. (.5) V. p. 382, PI. XV., Figs. 3, 4 (1880); de Man, in Max Weber's "Zool. Ergebnisse," u. p. 357, PI. XX., Fig. 20 (1892).
1 (/ and 1 ? taken in a stream near Cape Gazelle, New Britain.
Family. Pontoniidae.
Further particulars are now added to the j)reliminary diagnoses of certain species in this family already published b}' the author in the " Annals and Magazine of Natural History," 1898.
Genus. Periclimenes Costa, 1844.
Periclimenes, Costa, Ann. Ac. Aspir. Nat. Nap. Ii. (1844); Faun. Regn. Nap. II. 1 (1846); Borradaile, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) n. p. 380 (1898).
Pelias, Roux, Mem. s. 1. Salicoques, p. 2n (1831) nom. praeoc. Anchistia, Dana, U. S. Expl. Expd. Crust. I. p. 577 (1852). Bennisia, Norman, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3) VIU. p. 278 (1861).
The species described as Pelias migratorius by Heller in 1862 was afterwards placed by the same author in his new genus Palaemonetes, and recognised as identical ■with P. varians (Leach). It is therefore erroneously placed in the genus Periclimenes in the revision of that genus by the present writer (Ann. Mag. loc. cit.).
12. Periclimenes spinigerus (Ortm.), 1890.
Anchistia spinigera, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. v. Syst., 3, p. 511, PI. XXXVI., Figs. 23, 23 a (1890).
Periclimenes spinigerus, Borradaile, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) II. p. 383 (1898). 1 $ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
13. Periclimenes lifuensis Borradaile, 1898, Figs, la — Ic'. Periclimenes lifuensis, Borradaile, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) ii. p. 384 (1898). Carapace. The rostrum is straight, outreaches the antennal scale, and bears six
teeth above but none below. The supraorbital and antennal spines are present, but not the hepatic. There is also a spine on the mid-dorsal line behind the rostrum. The pterygostomial angle is acute.
1 This reference (and all similarly placed references) relates to the figures on Plates XXXVI. — XXXIX., the numbers of which run consecutively.
w. IV. 55
406 ON THE STOMATOPODA AXD MACRURA BROUGHT BY
Antennae. The stalk of the first antenna is shorter than the scale of the second, and consists of a very broad first joint, projecting forwards and outwards in a sharp point at the distal end, and two short, subequal following joints. The inner fiagellum is broken short on either side in the present specimen, and the thicker part of the outer outreaches the scale of the second antenna, though not the fringe of hairs on that structure. The stalk of the second antenna about equals that of the first in length.
The thiJ-d nuuvilliped reaches the end of the stalk of the second antenna.
Legs {Pereiopoda). The first pair of legs has the beginning of its wTist-joint (carpopodite) even with the end of the second joint of the antennular stalk, and outreaches the scale of the second antenna by the hand (propodite) and the last two-thirds of the -svi-ist. The fingers about equal the palm in length. The second pair are subequal. Their meropodite about reaches the end of the rostrum, the wrist is short and armed above with a spine, and the fingers are about two-thirds as long as the palm, hairy, and curved towards one another at the tip, thus enclosing a space. The remaining legs are short and stout, and their last joint is curved and arises among a tuft of long hairs.
Tail-fin. The uropods are longer than the telson, and their exopodite and endo- podite are subequal.
Length of the single specimen 11 mm.
From the above characters it would seem to be necessary to place this species in the neighbourhood of P. gracilis (Dana) 1852, from which, however, it is sundered by the presence of a supraorbital spine, to mention only one point of difference.
Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
14. Periclimenes tenuipes Borradaile, 1898, Figs. 2a — 2/
Periclimenes tenuipes, Borradaile, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) ii. p. 384 (1898).
Carapace. The rostrum is long, slender, curved upwards, armed above with ten teeth (of which the first two stand on the carapace) and below with seven, and out- reaches the antennal scale, but not the outer antennular flagellum. Hepatic and antennal spines are present, and the pterygostomial angle is rounded.
All the appendages are unusually slender and elongated.
Antennae. The stalk of the first antenna is shorter than the scale of the second. Both its flagella are long, the outer being bifid at the tip. The stalk of the second antenna does not reach the end of the first joint of that of the first. Its scale is longer than the antennular stalk, shorter than the rostrum, and narrow.
Mouth-limbs. These are shown in Figs. 2c—;/'. The third masilliped nearly reaches the end of the first joint of the antennular stalk.
Legs. The first pair is wanting in the single specimen. The end of the meropodite of the second is even with the rostrum, and is armed beneath with a spine. The wrist is longer than the meropodite and slightly longer than the palm. It grows broader towards its outer end, where it is armed above with a spine. The movable finger bears three teeth on its inner edge. In the last three legs the propodite is armed with spines.
Tail-fin. The exopodite of the uropod is longer than the endopodite, and both are considerabh' longer than the telson. The latter structure is armed at its free end
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 407
with the usual six spines found in this position in the present family. These are, namely, two subniedian, two intermediates longer than the submedian, and two laterals shorter than the submedian.
The single specimen measures 11 mm. in length, and was found on the reef at Ralun, New Britain.
The following two species are both of small size and have a certain immature appearance. They are here described and named provisionally.
15. Periclimenes parvus Borradaile, 1898, Figs. 3a — 3c. Periclimenes parvus, Borradaile, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) il. p. 384 (1898).
Carapace. Rostrum slightly longer than antennular stalk, bent downwards at first, but tending to straighten towards the tip, above with a deep crest bearing six teeth, below with one tooth. Antennal and hepatic spines are present, and the pterygostomial angle is subrectangular.
Antennae. The stalk of the first antenna is shorter than the scale of the second. The stalk of the second antenna does not reach the end of the first joint of the antennular stalk ; the scale is outreached by the antennular flagella.
The eyes are large.
The third maxilliped is shown in Fig. 3c; it is rather small, barely reaching the end of the peduncle of the second antenna.
The legs. The first pair of legs are short, not outreaching the antennal scale, and fairly stout. The second pair are short, simple in form, without spines, and out- reach the antennal scale by about the latter half of the meropodite. The longest joint is the hand. The remaining legs are slender, and have nearly straight, biuuguiculate dactyles.
The tail-fin. The exopodite of the uropod is longer than the endopodite, and both are longer than the telson. The latter bears at its hind end two very strong spines and four weaker ones.
Two specimens, 8".5 mm. long, were taken at Rakaiya, Blanche Bay, New Britain.
16. Periclimenes parasiticus Borradaile, 1898, Figs. 4a — 46. Periclimenes parasiticus, Borradaile, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) ii. p. 384 (1898).
Carapace. The rostrum is straight, with a large convex donsal crest of seven teeth, but unarmed below. It just outreaches the first joint of the antennular stalk. Antennal spines are present, but not supraorbital.
The eyes are large.
Antennae. The stalk of the first antenna is shorter than the scale of the second. The stalk of the second is not so long as the basal joint of the first. The scale of the second antenna is broad and reaches the end of the thicker antennular tlagellum.
The third maxilliped barely reaches the pter3-gostomial angle of the carapace.
Legs. First pair short, strong, and with unusually stout hands. Second pair small with short wrist, and without spines on any of the joints.
The sixth abdominal segment is considerably elongated.
55—2
408 ON THE STOMATOPODA AXD MACRURA BROUGHT BY
Tail-fin. The exopodite of the iiropod is longer than the endopodite. This, in turn, is longer than the telson.
Length of largest specimen 7 mm.
Four specimens of this species were found living among the spines on the back of a black starfish of the genus Linckia.
Genus. Anclnstus, Borradaile, 1898.
17. Anchistus miersi (de Man), 1888.
Harpilius Miersi, de Man, Journ. Linn. See, Zool. xxii. p. 274, PL XXII. Figs. 6—10 (1888).
Anchistus miersi, Borradaile, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) ii. p. 387 (1898).
2 $ and 1 </, found in the mantle-chamber of a Tridacna squamosa at Dobu, D'Entrecasteaux Group, British New Guinea.
18. Anchistus biunguiculatvs Borradaile, 1898, Figs, oa — 5c.
Anchistus hiunguiculatus, Borradaile, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), ii. p. 387 (1898).
Carapace. The rostrum reaches the end of the first joint of the antennular stalk, is strongly curved downwards, and bears no teeth. The antennal spine alone is present, and the pterygostomial angle is rounded.
Antennae. The stalk of the first antenna does not quite reach the end of the scale of the second. The flagella are subequal and of moderate length onl}'. The stalk of the second antenna is as long as the basal joint of the first, and the scale is broad.
Mouth-limbs. These have not been examined in the single specimen. The third maxilliped reaches half way up the last joint of the second antennal stalk.
Legs. The first pair of legs outreach the antennal scale by the last half of the wrist and the hand. The second pair are equal, symmetrical, and without spines on any of their joints. The hand is long and rather narrow. The wrist is half the length of the palm. The fingers are unequal, the movable one being considerably longer than the immovable and hooked at the end. The immovable finger is more than half as long as the palm.
Tail-fin. The exopodite of the uropod is slightly longer than the endopodite. The latter is somewhat longer than the telson, which is triangular, with a rounded apex bearing the usual six spines.
Length .50 mm.
One ? fi'om a Tridacna, in Tubetube, Engineer Group, British New Guinea.
Genus. Coralliocaris Stimpson, 1860.
19. Coralliocaris inaequalis, Ortmann, 1890.
Coralliocaris inaequalis, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. V. syst. 3, p. 510, PI. XXXVI. Figs. 21, 2ld—i (1890).
3 specimens from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 409
Genus. Pontania Latr. 1829. 20. Fontonia ascidicola Borradaile, 1898, Figs. 6ct — 66.
Pontonia ascidicola, Borradaile, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) ii. p. 389 (1898).
Carapace. Rostrum short, reaching only half way up the first joint of the antennular stalk. The free end is strongly curved downwards and lacks an inferior keel. The antennal spine alone is present and the pterygostomial angle is rounded.
Antennae. The stalks of the two pairs of antennae and the scale of the second are subequal. The scale is broad and of but moderate length.
Mouth-limbs. These have not been dissected out. The third maxillijjud ends opposite the second joint of the antennular stalk (Fig. 66).
Legs. The first pair of legs are rather unusually strong. Then- meropodite reaches the end of the first joint of the antennular stalk. The wrist is a little shorter than the meropodite and the hand a little shorter than the wrist. The fingers are as long as the palm. The second pair are unequal. In the larger, the hand is of great size, the fingers half the length of the palm, the wrist short and stout, the meropodite longer than the wrist, the movable finger bearing one tooth and the immovable finger two. In the smaller leg of the second pair, the hand is still the longest joint, the movable finger is narrow and crosses its fellow at the tip, and both are provided with teeth as in the longer hand. In the female both legs of the second pair are relatively shorter than in the male. The dactyles of the remaining legs are short, fairly stout, and provided with several spines underneath.
The abdominal pleurae are greatly developed in the female.
Tail-fin. The two rami of the uropod are subequal in the male. In the female the endopodite is the longer. In each case the telson is as long as the exopodite, and bears the usual six spines at the free end.
The length is 13 mm.
1 (/• and 1 ? from Blanche Bay, New Britain.
Genus. Conchodytes Peters, 18.51.
21. Conchodytes meleagrinae Peters, 18.51.
For references see P. Z. S. 1898, p. 1007.
3 ?, from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands, and from Engineer Group and Conflict Group, British New Guinea, respectively.
Family. Palaemonidae. Genus. Palaemon Fabr., 1798.
22. Palaemon lar Fabr., 1798.
For references see P. Z. S. 1898, p. 1008.
4 t/" of various ages, taken near Cape Gazelle, New Britain.
410 ox THE STOMATOPODA AND MACRUKA BROUGHT BY
23. Pulaemon weberi de Man, 1892.
Palaemon webe7-i, de Man, in Max Weber's " Zool. Ergebnisse.," II. p. 421, PI. XXV. Fig. 23 (1892).
One young male (.5-5 mm.), agreeing closely with de Man's description of a similar specimen from the East Indies, was taken in a stream near Schultze Point, New Britain. In both chelae, however, the fingers are shorter than the palm, while the whole body is smooth, neither carapace nor telson being " kornig rauh."
Genus. Leander Desmarest, 1840.
24. Leander pacificus Stimpson, 1860.
Leander pacificus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Philad. 1860, p. 40. The iifth pair of legs in the single specimen seem somewhat longer than is indicated by Stimpson's description. Locality, Isle of Pines.
Genus. Palaemonopsis nov.
There is in the collection a solitary Palaemonid for which it seems to be necessary to found a new genus. The specimen in question differs from the members of the genus Palaemon in the absence of a mandibular palp. From Palaemonetes it differs in having on each side of the carapace one antennal spine only, and, directly behind the eye, at a short distance from the edge of the carapace, a large, blunt, roughly triangular process. About half of the thicker branch of the outer flagellum of the first antenna is fused with the thinner branch, but the two branches are quite distinctly formed down to their bases, so that the genus must be placed in the present family rather than in the Pontoniidae. The slenderness of the third maxilliped points to the same conclusion.
25. Palaemonopsis willeyi sp. u., PL XXXVI. — XXXVII., Figs. 7a — 7e.
Diagnosis : — " A Palaemonopsis with the rostrum straight, bearing six equal teeth above and four teeth below, outreaching the antennular stalk but not the antennal scale ; carapace bearing a single antennal spine on each side, and a large triangular process behind the eye ; pterygostomial angle subrectangular ; first antenna with last two joints of the stalk together shorter than first joint, and subequal ; flagella unequal, the outer larger and with its two branches fused for about half the length of the thicker branch ; second antenna with the stalk equal to the first two joints of the antennular stalk, the scale longer than the rostrum, narrowing to the free end, which is truncated and bears a triangular tooth, projecting beyond it, on the outside ; third maxilliped small and slender; first pair of legs reaching the end of the antennal scale, with wrist and meropodite subequal and longer than the hand ; second pair large, strong, longer by the hand than the antennal scale, with short, stout wi-ist, and meropodite a little longer than the palm, the fingers longer than the palm, crossing at the tip and serrate, none of the joints with spines ; remaining legs fairly stout, with small, straight, slender
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 411
dactyles, third longer than fourth or fifth ; sixth abdominal tergite with a broad tri- angular median backward projection, flanked on each side by a spine ; endopodite of the uropod very slightly longer than the telson, exopodite slightly larger than endopodite ; telson elongate, narrowing gently towards the free end, which is truncate, bearing on each side a short, strong spine, and in the middle a tuft of hairs, dorsal surface with four pairs of movable spines."
Length 30 mm.
1 specimen from Ralun, New Britain.
Family. Pandalid.\e.
Genus. Pandalus Leach, 1814.
Into this genus Ortmann has reunited the genera Plesionika, Nothocaris, and Pandalopsis of Bate. Three species of Pandalidae from New Britain have certain characters in common which appear to justify the foundation for them of a new sub- genus equivalent to the above-mentioned groups of species.
Subgenus. Parapandalus nov.
Characters : —
1. Carapace without lateral carinae.
2. Rostrum long, slender, armed above and below with movable spines.
3. First antenna with long flagella and pointed stylocerite.
4. Hinder lobe of scaphognathite truncated.
5. Third maxilliped with an exopodite.
6. Fii-st leg subchelate' owing to a small projection of the propodite at the base of the finger.
7. Second pair of legs equal, with 25 — 30 joints in the wrist.
8. Eye with large cornea, well-marked ocellus, and two-jointed stalk.
9. Gill formula as in Pandalus (sens, str.), save that in two of the species epipodites are wanting behind the third maxilliped.
26. Pandalus (Parapandalus) serratifrons sp. n., Figs. 8« — Sd.
Diagnosis : — " A Pandalus with the rostrum long, outreaching the antennal scale, armed above and below with numerous small, similar, movable .spines, of which the
1 The word subehelate hardly describes the structures in question satisfactorily. The impresBion is not that of a practicable grasping organ. Reference to fig. M will make this clear. For some interesting i-emarks on the subject of this limb in Pandalus see Caiman, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7) in. p. 27 (1899).
412 ox THE STOMATOPODA AND MACRURA BROUGHT BY
first four or five are on the carapace ; carapace with antennal spine, acute pterygo- stomial angle, and a small dorsal carina on the anterior third of its length; eyes fairly large, with ocellus distinct, but not completely separated fi-om main cornea; all the appendages long and slender ; first antenna with relatively short stalk, first joint longer than second and third together, third longer than second, both flagella long, outer broad and flattened at the base and bearing in this region a fi-inge ; stylocerit eas long as first joint and ending in a sharp point ; second antenna with the stalk short, equal to the first joint of the antennular stalk; scale elongate, narrowing to the free end, where it is truncated, with firm outer edge ending in a spine which starts before the end of the scale and projects beyond it ; third masilliped longer by its last two joints than the antennal scale ; epipodites wanting behind the third maxilliped ; legs of the first pair longer by their last two joints than the third maxilliped ; legs of the second pair equal, exceeding the antennal scale by the hand and the last two or three joints of the wrist, the wrist about 25-jointed, with the last joint nearly equal to three of the preceding joints, growing broader towards the hand; hand arising in a tuft of hairs and with long hairs on the fingers; remaining legs long and slender, with movable spines on the meropodite and the dactyle small ; uropod with exopodite larger than endopodite, endopodite longer than telson ; telson lono-, very narrow, with four spines at the end, and four pairs of spines on the dorsal surface."
Length of largest specimen 85 mm.
This species forms part of the food of the Nautilus.
7 J", trawled at depths of 50 — 100 fathoms in Blanche Bay, New Britain.
27. Pandalus (Parapandalus) tmidpes sp. n.. Fig. 9.
Diagnosis : — " A Pandalus with the rostrum long, outreaching the antennal scale, bent slightly upwards, armed above and below with numerous small, similar, movable spines, of which the first four or five are on the carapace ; carapace with antennal and small pterygostomial spine and a slight dorsal carina on the first half of its length ; ej-es fairly large and ocellus distinct, but not completely separated from the cornea ; all the appendages very long and slender; first antenna with rather short stalk, the first joint longer than the second and third together, the third longer than the second, both flagella long, the outer broad and flattened at the base, where it bears a fringe; stylocerite acute; second antenna with the stalk short, and the scale longer than the antennular stalk, with firm outer edge ending in a spine which arises before the end of the scale and just projects beyond it; third maxilliped considerably longer than the antennal scale, with fairly stout meropodite, and the re.st of the limb very weak and slender ; no epipodite behind the third maxilliped ; first pair of legs considerably longer than the rostrum ; second pair of legs longer than the antennal scale by the last half of its wrist ; the latter about 30-jointed, with the last joint equal to two or three of the preceding joints ; last three legs with the meropodite fairly strong and armed with spines, and the distal part of the limb very long and weak ; exopodite of uropod longer than endopodite and armed with a spine on the outside near the fi'ee end ; endopodite
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 413
longer than telson ; telson armed with four pairs of spines above, and with two pairs at the free end."
2 $ from Blanche Bay, New Britain. 2 j" from the D'Entrecasteau.v Group, British New Guinea.
28. Pandalus {Pariipandalus) longirostris sp. ii., Figs. IQii — 10/;.
Diagnosis: — " A Piuulalus with the rostrum long, outreaching the antennal scale, bent upwards and armed above and below with movable spines, those at the base above being louger and farther apart than those towards the free end, and the first three or four being placed on the carapace ; carapace with antennal spine, a spine at the pterygo- stomial angle, and a keel on the anterior half of its dorsal surface ; eyes fairly large, with ocellus distinct but not completely sundered from the main cornea ; appendages moderately stout: first antenna with the basal joint of the stalk longer than the second and third together, third rather longer than second, second covered with hairs, stylocerite longer than basal joint and ending in a spine, both flagella long, outer broad and flat at base, in which region it bears a fringe of hairs; second antenna with short stalk and long scale, whose external tooth barely projects at the end : third maxilliped slightly longer than the antennal scale ; epipodite wanting from the last leg only ; first pair of legs very little longer than third maxillipeds ; second pair of legs equal, with about 25 joints in the wrist ; uropod longer than the telson, which is narrow, elongated, and armed at the end with one median and four movable lateral spines, and bears four pairs of spines on the doisal surface."
Length 130 mm.
4 % from New Britain, 2 with eggs.
Genus. Heterocarpus A. M.-Edw., 1881.
29. Heterocarpus ensifer A. M.-Edw., 1881.
Heterocarpus ensifer, A. M.-Edw., Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) xi. 4 p. 8 (1881); Bate, "Challenger" Macrura, p. 638 pi. cxii. fig. 4 (1888).
In the present specimen the spines on the rostrum vary from 12 to 16 above,
and from 7 to 10 below.
The first leg is simple. In H. gihbusus Bate it is chelate (Caiman, loc. cit.)
3 % and 2 (^ from Blanche Bay, New Britain. 4 young specimens from the
same localitv in 100 fathoms of water.
Family. Hippolytidae. Genus. Savon Thallw., 1891.
30. Siiron mannoratus (Oliv.). 1811. See P. Z. S. 1898, p. 1009 (1899).
1 ? from Nivani, Louisiades, British New Guinea.
w. IV. 56
414 0>f the stomatopoda axd ilacruha brought by
Family. Latreutidae.
Genus. Parhippobjte nov.
The absence of a cutting edge (psalistonia) from the mandible of the species on v,'hich this new genus is founded obliges me to place it in Ortmann's new family, Latreutidae. [Bronn's " Thierreich," Crust. Ii. p. 1130 (1898).] It is, however, so closely allied to Merhippolyte Bate that it might almost equally well be placed like the latter group as a subgenus of Spirontocaris Bate (non Hippolyte Leach, restrict.). In any case, the difference between the Latreutidae and Hippolytidae will not, I think, be ultimately found to be of more than subfamily value.
Characters of Parhippolyte n. gen.
1. Rostrum moderate, dentate.
2. Supraorbital spine wanting, antennal and postorbital spines present.
3. Flagella of first antenna long.
4. Mandible without cutting edge, with three-jointed palp. .5. Third maxilliped with exopodite.
6. Second wrist multiarticulate (about 30 joints).
7. Branchial formula as in Merhippolyte but no pleurobranch on third maxilliped.
8. Sixth abdominal segment with the hinder angle provided with a small spine, but not articulated.
31. Parhippolyte uveae n. sp., Figs. 11a — llg.
Diagnosis : — " A Parhippolyte with the rostrum, bearing three or four teeth above and five below; with antennal and postorbital spines present, the pterygostoniial angle of the carapace rounded and the anterior two-thirds dorsally carinated ; the antennular stalk half the length of the antennal scale, its first joint almost equal to the second and third together, the stylocerite equal to the first joint, broad, acute, the flagella subequal ; the scale of the second antenna long, broad at the base, narrowing rapidly, with the spine barelj' projecting beyond the free end, flagellum about equal to the antennular flagella ; third maxilliped outreaching the antennal scale by the last two- thirds of its last joint, which is obliquely truncated at the end ; first leg not reaching the end of the antennal scale, hand equal to wrist, fingers shorter than palm, not dentate, with a small black claw at the tip ; second leg outreaching by the WTist the antennal scale, \vrist about 30-jointed, first and last joints subequal, about twice the length of any of the others ; remaining legs long, the last slightly the longest, owing to increased length of the propodite, meropodite with spines underneath ; endopodite of iiropod as long as telson, exopodite longer ; telson ending in a median spine and bearing at the end four lateral spines and on the dorsal surface four jjairs of spines."
Length 110 mm.
Ten specimens, ? all female. Three with eggs. From Uvea, Loyalty Islands.
dr willey from the south seas. 415
Family. Rhtnchocinetidae. Genus. Rhynchocinetes H. M.-Edw., 1837.
32. Rhynchocinetes typus H. M.-Edw., 1837.
Rhynchocinetes typus, H. Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 vii. p. 165, pi. iv. C. (1837).
The single specimen, which is from Lifu, Loyalty Islands, has on the rostrum only four spines above and only twelve below.
Family. Alpheidae. Genus. Alpkeinus nov.
The recent work of Coutiere [Bull. Mus. Paris, il. p. 380 (1896)] on this family necessitates the establishment of a new genus as well as of a new species for two specimens of an Alpheid from Lifu.
Characters of Alpheinus n. gen.
1. Eyes completely covered above but not enclosed in front.
2. Rostrum and ocular spines present.
3. Eyestalks short, without spines above. Cornea lateral.
4. Outer flagellum of first antenna slightly bifid at tip.
5. Pleurobranch to each leg. Arthrobranch to third maxilliped. No epipodites.
6. First pair of legs unequal. Left like the large leg of Alpheus, but with movable finger as in Betaeus. Right small, simple.
7. Angle of sixth abdominal segment not articulated.
33. Alpheinus tridens n. sp., Figs. 12« — 12^.
Diagnosis: — "An Alpheinus with the rostrum of moderate length, shorter than the first joint of the antennular stalk, triangular with a sharp apex, depressed at base, compressed at apex, not dentate, with a dorsal keel starting between the eyes ; ocular spines resembling rostrum but shorter; carapace without other spines than the ocular and with produced but not acute pterygostomial angle ; first antenna with the stalk longer than the antennal scale, first joint longer than second and third together, second longer than third, first two joints projecting on the outside at the distal end and bearing on the projection a few strong plumose hairs; stylocerite sharp, almost equal to the first joint ; second antenna with the scale shorter and the stalk longer than the stalk of the first antenna, scale with strong outer border and freely projecting spine, basipodite with stout spine on the outer side; third maxilliped very hairy, reaching the end of the antennal scale ; larger leg of the first pair outreachiug the antennal scale by the last two-thirds of the palm, hand longer than carapace, fingers shorter than palm, a spine on the palm at the base of the movable finger, and a tooth
56—2
416 ON THE STOMATOPODA ASD MACRURA BROUGHT BY
on the biting edge of the same finger, \vrist very -short with a spine on the outer and another on the inner side, meropodite shorter than the palm, with a spine on the outer side at the distal end ; smaller leg of the first pair longer than the antennal scale, simple, hairy, with hand long and wrist short, and fingers shorter than the palm ; second leg outreaching the antennal scale by the last four joints of the wrist, wi'ist S-jointed, 1=2 + 3 + 4 + 5, 5 = 3 + 4, 2, 3, 4 subequal ; remaining legs rather stout, propodite longer than carpopodite, shorter than meropodite, carpopodite with one tooth above at the distal end, dactyle stout, biunguiculate, numerous spines underneath the propodite ; telson and uropods short and broad ; endopodite and exopodite of uropod subequal, somewhat longer than telson, exojDod with first joint projecting considerably outside the second and bearing on the projection a slender spine ; telson with the free end subtruncate, with a low rounded lobe in the middle, two short spines on each side and a long fringe, and with two pairs of movable spines on the dorsal surface."
Length 20 mm.
2 specimens from Sandal Bay. Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Genus. Synalpheus Bate, 1888.
Synalpheus, Bate, Challenger, Macrura, p. 572 (1888) ; Coutiere, Notes, Leyd. Mus. XIX. p. 206 (1897).
34. Synalpheus biunguiculatus (Stimps.), 1860.
? Alpheus hiunguiculatus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Philad. 1860, p. 31.
Alpheus minor, var. hiunguiculatus, de Man, J. Linn. Soc. ZooL, XXII. p. 273 (1888).
Alpheus sp., de Man, Zool. Jahrb. IX. Syst. p. 738, Fig. 62 (1897).
? Alpheus tricuspidatus. Heller, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XLiv. p. 267 (1861).
1 $ from the Reef, Ralun, New Britain.
Var. C, nov. One male, and a small specimen with a Bopyrid in the gill chamber, taken in the mantle cavity of an ascidian at Baravon, New Britain, differ from de Man's type in having the ocular spines as long as the rostrum and rather broad and triangular. De Man has named two varieties A and B respectively. I propose to call the present form var. C.
35. Synalpheus demani nom. nov.
Alpheus triunguiculatu^, de Man, Arch. Xaturg., Liil. 1, p. 508, PI. XXII. Fig. 2 (1887).
According to Coutiere the name triunguiculatus was given by Paulson in 1875 to a species which must be included m the genus Synalpheus. It is very unlikely that this species is identical with that to which de Man gave the same name in 1887, describing it as new. A new name is, therefore, probably wanted, and the most ap- propriate course is obviously to call the species after its first describer.
2 % from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 417
36. Synalpheus neomeris (de Man), 1897.
Alpheus neomeris, de Man, Zool. Jahrb. IX. Syst., p. 734 (1397). One specimen, from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Genus. Alpheus Fabr., 1778.
37. Alpheus ohesomanus Dana, 1852.
Alpheus ohesomanus Dana, U.S. E.^pl. Expeil. Crust, i. p. .574, PI. XXXIV. Fi^^. 7 (1852).
Two specimens from Lifu, Loyalty Islands. One from Blanche Bay, New Britain.
38. Alplteus yracilidigitus Miers, 1884, var.
Alpheus gracilidigitus Miers, "Alert" Report, p. 287 (1884); de Man, Ma.\ Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse, p. 406, PI. XXV. Fig. 32 (1892).
The specimens differ from the type in that : —
1. The lower border of the merus of the first leg is not serrate.
2. The movable finger of the small chela wants the tooth on the inner side. One ^ and one % from the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia.
39. Alpheus laevis Randall, 1839.
Fur references see P. Z. S. 1898, p. 1013.
2 $ from Blanche Bay, New Britain. 1 $ from Sandal Bay, Lifn.
40. ? Alpheus diadema Dana, 1852.
? Alplieus diadema Dana, U.S. Expl. Expd. Crust, i. p. 555, PI. XXXV. Fig. 7 a — e (1852).
Dana describes the first joint of the wrist of the second pair of legs as being " much longer than the second," but figures it as of almost the same length. In the present specimen it is very slightly shorter. The hands of the first paii', which were wanting, from Dana's specimen, are figured from that in the present collection (PI. XXXIX., Fig. 17).
1 $ from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
41. Alpheus frontalis Say. 1832.
For references see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 1013.
2 c/" and 1 $ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
42. Alpheus aglaopheniae n. sp.. Figs. 13n — 13/!
A single, dismembered specimen of an Alpheus found living among the branches of a hydroid polyp of the genus Aglaophenia, represents, I think, a new species. It is diagnosed as follows :
"An Alpheus with the rostrum arising from the anterior border of the carapace, reaching the end of the first joint of the anteunal stalk, and continued backwards as a short keel on the carapace ; eye-hoods acute in front ; second and third joints of the
418 ox THE STOMATOPODA AXD MACRURA BROUGHT BY
antennular stalk subequal, first joint somewhat longer than either, stylocerite equal to the first joint; stalk of second antenna longer than that of the first, scale bearing a strong spine, equal to the antennular stalk, long fringed; thii-d maxilliped large, covered with long hairs, projecting beyond the antennular stalk ; larger leg of the first paii- with the lower border notched but the upper only very faintly so, fingers less than halt the length of the palm, %\Tist short, somewhat excavated, meropodite broad, with lai-ge distal spine and distal end excavated, hand hairy; smaller leg of the first pair with hand elongate, bearing a spine above the movable finger, hairy, fingers equal to the palm, wrist short, with a spine on the outside, meropodite of the same form as in the larger hand, but with the spine smaller and the distal end excavate ; second pair of legs with the first joint of the wrist the longest, 2 and 5 equal, 3 and 4 short, hand about equal to first wrist-joint; remaining legs without a spine on the meropodite, the propodite armed with spines, the dactyle biunguiculate, one-third the length of the propodite; the exopodite of the uropod larger than the endopodite, the latter larger than the telson, which is hairy above."
Length 11 "5 mm.
One ? from the Engineer Group, British Xew Guinea.
Tribe. LORICATA.
Family. Palinuridae.
Genus. Panidirus White, 1S47.
43. Panulirus demani nom. nov.
PanuUrus polyphagus, Ortmaun, in Semen's " Forschuugsreisen in Austral.," Y. 1, p. 19 (1894).
Panulirus sp., de Man, Zool. Jahrb. IX. Syst. p. .507 (1898).
There is no evidence for the view that this is a young form of P. poli/phaffus, and it is therefore well that it should receive at least a provisional name. It is here proposed to call the species Panulirus demani after the author who first recognised its distinctness.
One (/, from Blanche Bay, New Britain.
44. Panuli7-us bispinosus sp. u.
A small specimen in the collection seems to deserve a name and a short diagnosis as a probably new species. It bears a considerable resemblance to P. femoristriga v. Martens, 1872, of which it may possibly be a young example, but the abdominal furrows are interrupted in the middle line, and the antennal tergite is quite smooth, save for two spines towards the anterior edge. P. femoristriga probably also occurs in the Loyalty Islands, since Dr Willey took, but did not preserve, a large Palinurid which from his description would seem to belong to that species.
Diagnosis : — " A Panulirus with the stalk of the first antenna somewhat shorter than that of the second, the first joint longer than the second or thii-d, the third some-
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 419
what lono-er than the second ; the carapace and the stalk of the second antenna covered with spines of various sizes with their points directed forwards, somewhat sparsely mingled with hairs ; the antennal segment bearing two spines only and no spinules ; the third maxilliped with an exopodite bearing a flagellum which reaches half way up the mero- podite ; the legs hairy, the second pair the longest ; the abdominal furrows interrupted in the middle line of the body."
Length 25 mm.
One t/ from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
45. Panulirus penicillatus (Oliv.) 1811. For references see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 1015.
One tf from Natikitiwan, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Family. Scyllaeidae. Genus. ScyUarus Fabr., 1793.
46. ScyUarus sieboldi de Haan, 1850.
Sc>/llarus sieboldi, de Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 152, PI. XXXVI. Fig. 2 (1850). 1 £/■, 1 $ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Genus. Paribacus Dana, 1852.
47. Paribacus antarcticus (Rumph).
For references see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 1015.
5 (/, 2 $, from Natikitiwan, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Tribe. THALASSINIDEA.
Family. Callianassidae.
Genus. CalUanassa Leach, 1814.
48. CalUanassa novae-britanniae sp. n., Figs. 14a — 14cZ.
Diagnosis: — "A CalUanassa with the rostrum short, triangular, not half the length of the eyestalks; the latter compressed, not quite equal to the first joint of the antennular stalk, with lateral cornea; carapace with a triangular projection between the eye and the base of the second antenna, and the pterygostomial region projecting forwards below the antenna, a well-marked median ridge and cervical furrow, and the hinder border excavate; first antenna having the second joint of the stalk the longest and the whole stalk shorter than that of the second antenna; last joint of third ma.xilliped broad and with a long fringe of hairs, other joints ail fairly broad; first pair of legs unequal, wrist as broad as hand, fingers shorter than palm, moveable fingers longer than
420 ON THE STOMATOPODA AXD MACRCRA BROUGHT BY
immovable, meropodite armed with spines ; telson short, broader than long, with straight hinder edge ; uropod longer than telson, with the raised portion of the exopodite not projecting laterall}- beyond the rest of the structure.
Length 37 mm.
1 (/, from New Britain.
Genus. CaUianidea H. M.-Edw., 1837.
49. CaUianidea bjpa, H. M.-Edw., 1837.
CaUianidea typa, H. M.-Edw.. H. N. Crust, ii. p. 320, PI. XXV. his, Figs. S— 14 (1837).
1 (/ from Sariba, British New Guinea.
Family. Axiidae. Gexus. Eiconawius Bate, 1888.
50. Eiconaxins taliliensis sp. n., Figs. 15a — 15c.
Diagnosis : — " An Eiconaxiu^ with the rostrum equal to the first joint of the antennular stalk, ending in two spines, with the sides bent up to form a gutter, and crowned on each side by spines intermingled with thick tufts of hairs ; on the carapace this gutter is continued backwards for a short distance, and on each side an interrupted hairy groove runs back from the base of the rostrum along the sides of the flattened dorsal area to the cervical furrow, just before meeting which the grooves curve some- what outwards. The anterior part of the flat area of the carapace is protected at the side by a raised ridge, which is continuous in front with the side ridges of the rostrum. Antennal tooth present, and pterygostomial angle produced but rounded ; cervical furrow deep, and at the side running obliquely into a shallower depression, which continues it to the anterior edge of the carapace ; outside the cervical groove a small crest of teeth on each side of the body ; eye-stalks shorter than rostrum, cornea terminal ; first joint of antennal stalk equal to second and third together, latter subequal ; stalk of second antenna longer than that of first, scale narrow, strong, with five teeth beneath, spine on basal joint with four teeth outside and two longer teeth inside ; third maxilliped longer by its last three joints than the antennal scale, meropodite with four spines on the inner edge, cai-popodite with five, propodite and last joint nearly equal, latter elongate-oval ; first pair of legs subequal, left stouter than right but otherwise similar, ischiopodite with a row of teeth below, meropodite with five or six rather large teeth above and a crest of small teeth below, immovable finger with one tooth, hand slightly broader than wrist, which bears a single tooth below ; second pair of legs with a crest of teeth under the meropodite ; second, third and fourth legs with a ventral process at the outer end of the ischiopodite ; propodite of legs 3 and 4 with a thick fringe of hairs below ; all the limbs hairy-tufted ; abdomen longer than cephalothorax ; telson with two transverse ridges, behind the second ridge two pairs of small tubercles, along the hinder and lateral borders a row of small, indistinct tubercles, hinder border straight and with
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 421
a fringe of hairs, uropods not longer than telson, with longitudinal ridges on the dorsal surface of, and toothed on the outer edge of both rami."
Length of male 57 mm., of female 55 mm.
1 £/■, 1 ? from Talili Bay, New Britain.
Tribe. ANOMALA. SuBTRiBE. GALATHEINEA.
Family. Galatheidae. Genus. Gulathea Fabr.. 1798.
51. Galathea elegans Adams and White, 1848.
Galathea elegans, Adams and White, Crust., " Samarang," p. 1, PI. XII. Fig. 7 (1848).
1 $, with eggs, from New Britain.
52. Galathea grandirostris Stimps., 1858.
Galathea grandirostris, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Philad., 1858, p. 1)0; Henderson, "Challenger" Anomura, p. 119, PI. XII. Fig. 3 (1888).
2 (/ and 2 $, from New Britain.
53. Galathea australiensis, Stimps., 1858.
Galathea australiensis, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Philad., 1858, p. 89 ; Henderson, "Challenger" Anomura, p. 118, PI. XII. Fig. 5 (1888).
1 (/ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
54. Galathea affinis Ortm., 1892.
Galathea affinis, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. VI. Syst., p. 252, PI. XI. Fig. 9 (1892).
2 (/ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
55. Galathea spinimanus sp. n., Figs. 16a— IQb.
Diagnosis :— " A Galathea with the rostrum broad, with one small and three large spines on each side and a terminal spine ; carapace without gastric spines, with six spines at the side and one at the pterygostomial angle, scored with transverse pilose ridges, but without demarcation of the gastric region ; third maxilliped with the mero- podite as long as the ischiopodite, but narrower, and not bearing a spine on the outside, on the inside of the meropodite two moderately large and two small teeth, dactyle broad and ending in a tuft of hairs; first pair of legs longer than the thorax, covered with spines and hairs, fingers about equal to the palm, a small tooth on the inside of each finger ; second, third and fourth legs covered with spines and haii-s, dactyle not far short of the propodite in length, with no spines above, but a row of small spines below."
Length 9'5 mm. df).
1 (/ 2 ? from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
w. IV. 57
422 ON THE STOMATOPODA AXD MACRURA BROUGHT BY
Genus. Munida Leach, 1820.
56. Munida scabra Hend., 1885.
Munida scabra, Henderson, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) xvi. p. 409 (1885); "Challenger" Anomura, p. 134, PI. XV., Fig. 1 (1888).
3 ? from Talili Bay, New Britain.
Var. longipes nov.
A male and two females, taken with the above typical specimens, differ from them in the greater length and slenderness of the legs of the first pair\ It is proposed to call this variety longipes.
57. Munida japonica Stimps., 1858.
Munida japonica, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Philad., 1858, p. 252; Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. vi. Syst. 2, p. 254, PI. xi. Fig. 11 (1892). 2 ? from Talili Bay, New Britain.
58. Munida semoni Ortm., 1894.
Munida semoni, Ortmann, Semon's " Forschungsreisen in Austral," v. 1, p. 24, PI. I. Fig. 4 (1894).
2 J' and 3 ? from Talili Bay, New Britain.
Family. Porcellanidae. Genus. Petrolisthes Stimps., 1858.
59. Petrolisthes hastatiis Stimpson, 1858.
Petrolisthes hastatus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Philad., 1858, p. 241 ; Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. vi. Syst. 2, p. 260 (1892).
23 c/" and 14 $ from Sariba, British New Guinea.
60. Petrolisthes lamarchi (Leach), 1820. See P. Z. S , 1898, p. 464.
Type. 1 c/ and 1 $ from Sariba, British New Guinea.
Var. fimbriatus Borradaile, 1898. 1 ^ and 1 ? from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands ; 1 ? from Sariba, British New Guinea.
61. Petrolisthes bispinosus sp. n.
Diagnosis: — "A Petrolisthes with the front indistinctly trilobed, the middle lobe prominent, each lobe concave above ; carapace covered ^vith straight, continuous, pilose ridges and bearing on each side two epibranchial spines, but without spines on its hinder edge ; chelipeds marked out into scales by pilose ridges, their meropodite vnth a blunt lobe on the inner edge, the wrist with the inner edge 5-lobed, the two proximal
• Taking in each case the average length of the carapace in the specimens before us as unity, the length of the first pair of legs is in -V. scabra 3--5 and in var. longipes 5"2. The specimens of longipes are slightly smaller than those of the type.
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 423
lobes each ending in a minute spine, the rest finely serrate, the outer edge with a crest of sharp, curved teeth, the hand broad, with serrated edges, the fingers slightly hooked at the tip, equal, with serrated edges ; the second to fourth pairs of legs with spines on the ujjper edge of the meropodite, dactyies with several small spines under- neath ; none of the legs hairy, save for a ver}' few scattered hairs."
Length of carapace 4 mm.
This species belongs to the galanthinus-group of Ortmauu [Zool. Jahrb. X. Syst., p. 276 (1897)].
1 (/ from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Genus. Pachycheles Stimps., 1858.
62. Pachycheles scidptus (H. M.-Edw.), 1837.
Porcellana sculpta, H. M.-Edwards, H. N. Crust, ii. p. 2.53 (1837); Dana, U.S. Espl. Expd. Crust, i. p. 412, PI. XXVI. Fig. 2 (1852); de Man. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. XXII. p. 218 (1888).
Porcellana pisum, H. M.-Edwards, H. N. Crust, ii. p. 254 (1837); Heller, "Novara" Crust, p. 73 (1868).
Porcellana pulchella, Haswell, Proc. Liun. Soc. N.S.W. XI. p. 758 (1882); Cat. Austral. Crust, p. 148 (1882).
Porcellana (Pisosoma) sculpta, de Man, Arch. jSaturg. LIII. p. 413 (1888).
Pachycheles pidchellus, Miers, "Alert" Report, p. 273, PL XXX. Fig. A (1884); Henderson, "Challenger" Anomura, p. 114 (1888); Ortmann, Semon's " Forschungsreisen in Austral." v. 1, p. 30 (1894).
Pisosoma sculptum, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. VI. S3'st. p. 265 (1892) ; de Man, Zool. Jahrb. IX. Syst. p. 878 (1896).
Pisosoma jnsum, de Man, Zool. Jahrb. IX. S3-st. p. 380 (1896).
Pachycheles sculptus, Ortmann, Semon's "Forschungsreisen in Austral." v. 1, p. 29 (1894).
The occurrence in Dr Willey's collection of a form intermediate between the Por- cellana sculpta and P. pisum of Milne-Edwards, leads to the conclusion that these latter are not specifically distinct, and must rank Axith the new form as varieties of one species. The following table sets forth the distinguishing characteristics of these varieties.
1. Chelipeds subequal, similar, tuberculated.
A. var. sculjjtus H. M.-Edw., 1837.
r. Chelipeds unequal, dissimilar, one at least not tuberculated.
2. The left cheliped is the larger. Right cheliped tuberculated.
B. var. tuberculatus nov.
2'. The right cheliped is the larger. Neither cheliped tuberculated.
C. var. jnsum H. M.-Edw., 1837.
57—2
424 OX THE STOilATOPODA AND MACRURA BROUGHT BY
The collection contains the follow-ing specimens : — var. sculptus. 1 ? from Lifu, Loyalty Islands. var. tuberculatus. 2 c/' from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
63. Pachycheles lifuensis sp. n.
Diagnosis : — " A Pachycheles with the front almost straight, slightly convex in the middle, depressed; carapace granular at the sides and with linear ridges on the branchio- stegites; chelipeds unequal, the left the larger, the wrist and hand uniformly pubescent and granular, the wrist with three rather blunt lobes on the inner edge, but without teeth overhanging its articulation with the hand ; second to fourth pairs of legs not so stout as in barbatus, the last three joints pubescent, the propodite armed with spines above, the dactyle with spines below."
Length of carapace 3"5 mm., breadth 4 mm.
This species is closely allied to P. barbatus, but is, I think, distinct.
1 ^ and 1 ? from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
SuBTEiBE. PAGURINEA. Fajviilt. Pagueidae.
Genus. Pagurus Fabr., 1793.
64.. Pagurus deformis, H. Il.-Edw., 1836.
For references, etc., see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 460.
The male specimen of this species shows, as usual, the genital openings of the female.
From Lifu, Loyalty Islands. 1 ? in a Doliuin shell, 1 $ in a Turbo shell bearing sea anemones, 1 </.
From the Conflict Group, British New Guinea. 1 %. berried, in a Turbo shell, bearing a sea anemone.
From New Britain ; 2 $ in shells of Doliuin and Natica.
65. Pagurus gemmatus H. 3I.-Edw., 1846.
Pagurus gemmatus, H. M. -Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3), x. p. 60 (1846).
The male of this species does not show the female openings found in the male of the allied P. deformis.
1 ^ from New Britain, 1 ^ from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands: the latter in a Dolium shell bearing sea-anemones.
66. Pagurus asper de Haau, 1849.
Pagurus asper, de Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 208, PI. XLIX. Fig. 4 (1849); Ortmann, Semon's " Forschungsreisen in Austral." v. 1, p. 31 (1894). 1 (/ and 1 ? from Lifu, Loyalty Islands in Turbo shells.
Y Zoological Results
r o P-c dp:
BORRADAILE, CRUSTACEA - MACRURA.
DR WILLEY FROM THE SOUTH SEAS. 425
67. Parjurus setifer H. M.-Edw., 1836. For references see P. Z. S., 189.S, p. 460.
2 (/ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands. 2 ? from the Conflict Group, British New Guinea.
68. Pagurus euopsis Dana, 1852.
For references see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 461.
1 t/ from the Conflict Group, British New Guinea.
69. Pagurits punctulatus Olivier, ISll.
For references see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 461.
2 (f and 1 ? from Lifu, Loyalty Lslands.
70. Pagurus strigatus (Herbst), 1796.
Cancer strigatus, Herbst, Naturg. Krabben, ii. 4, p. 2.5, PI. LXL Fig. 3 (1796). Pagurus strigatus, Hilgendorf, Monatsbor. Ak. Wiss., Berlin, 1878, p. 820, PI. II. Fig. 8.
1 ^ from Sandal Bay, Lifu, LoA'alty Islands.
Family. Coenobitidae. Genus. Coemhita Latr., 1826.
70. Goenobita compressus H. M.-Edw., 1837.
Coenohita compressa, H. M.-Edw., H. N. Crust. II. p, 241 (1837).
Coenobita compressus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. vi. Syst., p. 318 (1892).
From Lifu, Loyalty Islands, 1 ^ and 2 $, the latter in shells of Nannia and Papuina. From New Britain, 1 ^ in a Triton shell. From Sandwich Island, New Hebrides, one berried $ .
71. Coenobita rugosus H. M.-Edw., 1837.
For references see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 460.
1 J" and 12 $ from the Loyalty Islands.
72. Coenobita perlatus H. M.-Edw., 1837.
For references .see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 459. 6 cT and 5 % from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
73. Coenobita clypeatus (Herbst), 1796.
For references see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 4.59.
2 J" and 4 $ fi-om Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
74. Coenobita spinosus H. M.-Edw., 1837.
For references see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 4-59.
1 (/ in a nutshell of Calophyllum, and 9 $ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
426 ON THE STOMATOPODA AND ^ilACRUKA.
Genus. Birgus Leach, 1815.
75. Birgus latro (Linn.), 1766.
For references see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 458. 2 (/" and 8 $ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
SUBTRIBE. HIPPINEA.
Family. Hippidae.
Genus. Remipes Latr., 1806.
76. Remipes testudinarius Latr., 1806.
Remipes testudinarius, Latreille, Gen. Crust. Jus. i. p. 45 (1806); de Man, Zool. Jahrb. IX. Syst., p. 463 (1896).
1 (^ and 2 $ from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
77. Remipes pacificus Dana, 1852.
For references, etc., see P. Z. S., 1898, p. 467.
1 c/, 14 $, from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands. 7 small c/ from the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia.
78. Remipes celaeno de Man, 1896.
Remipes celaeno, de Man, Zool. Jahrb. ix. Syst., p. 483 (1896).
2 ^ and 45 ? from Blanche Bay, New Britain. 1 ? from the Isle of Pines.
79. Remipes ovalis A. M.-Edw.
Remipes ovalis, A. M.-Edw., Millard's " Notes sur Reunion," Ann. F., p. 12, PL XVII. Fig. 5 (1863); de Man, Zool. Jahrb. ix. Syst., p. 471 (1896).
3 ? from New Britain.
80. Remipes admirabilis Thallw., 1891.
Remipes admirahilis, Thallwitz, Abh. Mus. Dresden, p. 36 (1891) ; de Man, Zool. Jahrb. IX. Syst., p. 466, Fig. 51 (1896). 5 t/' from Blanche Bay, New Britain.
Family. Albuneidae. Genus. Albunea Fabr., 1798.
81. Albunea microps Miers, 1877.
Albunea microps, Miers, J. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiv. p. 328, PI. V. Figs. 12, IS (1877). 2 J" from Blanche Bay, New Britain.
WiLLEY. Zoological Results
/OoL
ropc </«/
BORRADAILE,CRUSTACEA-MACRURA
£ ty./son. -.afno^'a^t
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EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXXVL— XXXIX.
(Borradaile, Crustacea).
Periclimenes lifuensis Borradaile.
Side view x 6.
Head and carapace from above. INIore highly magnified,
3rd maxilUped. Magnified. The tip of the exopodite is broken off.
Periclimenes tenuipes Borradaile.
Side view x 4.
Head and carapace from above.
3rd maxilliped. Magnified.
2nd „ „
1st ,. „
2nd maxilla. „
More highly magnified.
More highly magnified.
Periclimenes parviis Borradaile.
Side view x 9.
Head and carapace from above,
3rd maxilliped. Magnified.
Periclimenes parasiticus sp. n.
Side view x 10.
Head and carapace from above.
Anchistus hiunguiculatus sp. n.
Dorsal view x 1^.
3rd maxilliped. Magnified.
2nd maxilliped. „
Pontonia ascidicola sp. n. 9 •
Dorsal view x 5.
Lst maxilliped. More highly magnified.
Palaemonopsis willeyi sp. n.
Side view x 3.
Head and carapace from above.
Tail fin from above (Plate XXXVIL).
IMandible. Magnified. The projection on the fore edge in the figure is not part
of a palp but is the base of the molar process. First antenna.
Pandalus serr-atifrons sp. n.
Side view x 2.
Head and carapace from above x 2.
3rd maxilliped x 3.
End of first leg. Magnified.
Pandalus tenuipes sp. n.
Side view, nat. size. The drawing does not adequately represent the thread-like appearance of the carpopodite and propodite of tiie legs, nor the fact that they are slightly swollen at the outer ends. These limbs are in the above respects unlike those of P. serrati/rons.
428 ON THE STOMATOPODA AND MACRUBA.
Fig. 10. Pandalus longirostris .sp. n.
„ 10 a. Side view, nat. size.
„ 10 6. 3rd maxilliped x 2.
„ 10 c. 2nd „
„ 10 d 1st ,,
„ 10 e. 2nd maxilla.
„ 10/. 1st maxilla.
,, 10^. Left mandible.
„ 10 A. End of 1st leg. Magnified.
Fig. 11. Parhippolyte uveae sp. n.
„ 11«. Side view, nat. size.
„ 116. Head and carapace from above x \\.
,, lie. 3rd maxilliped >; 3.
„ llrf. 2nd
,, lie. 2nd maxilla.
„ 11/. 1st
,, 11(/. Mandible.
Fig. 12. Alpheinus tridens sp. n.
„ \'2a. Dor.sal view ■. 3.
,, 12 6. 3rd maxilliped. Magnified.
12 c. 2nd
,, lid. 1st ,, „
„ 12 e. 2nd maxilla. Magnified.
„ 12/ 1st
,, 12^. Mandible. ,,
Fig. 13. Alpheus aglaopheniae sp. n.
,, 13 a. Side view x 6.
„ 13 6. Head and carapace from above x 10.
,, 13 c. 3rd maxilliped.
,, 13 d. Larger leg of first pair.
,, 13e. Leg of second pair.
„ 13/ „ third
Fig. 14. CalUanassa novae-hritannias sp. n.
,, \\a. Anterior part of body from above x 3.
,, 14 6. Tail fin from above x 2.
„ 14 c. 3rd maxilliped x 3.
,, 14 d Larger leg of first pair x 2.
Fig. 15. Eiconaxius taliliensis sp. n.
„ 15 a. Side ^•iew x 2.
„ 15 6. Head and thorax from above x 4.
,, 15c. Tail fin from above x 2.
Fig. 1G. Galalhea spinimanus sp. n. Dorsal view of Ijodv x 6.
Fig. 17. Alpheus diadema Dana.
,, 17 a. Larger leg of first pair x 7.
„ 17 6. Smaller , . x 9.
WiLLEY- Zoological Results
XXXVill
BORiv\UAiLi:;,c;ilUS
£. Wffsoft. Cam6fta'0e
'rtUKA.
WiLLEY Zoological Results.
Plate XXXIX.
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BORRADAILE,CRUSTACEA-MACRURA.
C. iV//sof7, Ctim6^/<f^e.
REPORT ON THE SLUGS.
By WALTER E. COLLINGE, F.Z.S.,
Mason University College, Birmingham.
With Plates XL. and XLI.
PAGE
L Introduction 429
n. Species from the Loyalty Islands 431
1. Veronicella willeyi, sp. nov.
2. Aneitea hirudo ?, P. Fi.soh.
III. Species from the New Hebrides 435
1. Veronicella hrunnea, .sp. nov.
2. „ leydigi, Simr.
3. ,, hedleyi, Simr.
IV. Species from New Britain 436
1. Aiieitella herghi, Plate, var. nov. alhida. var. nov. fuscopallescens.
I. INTRODUCTION.
The coUectiou of slugs made by Dr Willcy, although not a large cue, is of
exceptional interest in that it includes a series from a region which as yet has onh- been very imperfectly worked.
The specimens which are here described belong to two families, — Veronicellidae
and Jauellidae — and include six species of which two are new, and two varieties, both of which are new.
w. IV. 58
430 REPORT OX THE SLUGS.
So far as I am aware there are no previous records for any species of Veronicella from either the Loyalty Islands or the New Hebrides, and Professor Simroth informs me that he also knows of no such records. It is interesting to find amongst the specimens collected in the New Hebrides, the two Australian species V. leydigi, Simr., and V. hedleyi, Simr.
In dealing with a family of molluscs like the Veronicellidae, one is very forcibly impressed with the little value that can be attached to the external form and colour. In spite of all the arguments in support of describing and identifj'ing such molluscs from these features, here they are quite secondary, and to attach to them any special importance would only lead to endless confusion; a reference to the works of Semper and Simroth will illustrate the great similarity in colour and external markings that exists, in species which are widely separated both geographically and anatomically. Thanks to the work of the above-mentioned malacologists, we have anatomical details for a large number of species in this family, and in separating those here enumerated I have been guided almost entirely by their structure. It is much to be regretted that we have as yet no account of the developmental history of some species of Veronicella, for such a study would, I strongly believe, throw much light upon their systematic position and their affinities to other families.
At present it is difficult to say what characters may be regarded as affording the best criteria for specific distinction, the chief points which I have here directed attention to, where the material has permitted, are those enumerated by Simroth', viz. :
a. The relations of the intestine to the liver.
h. The differences in the distance between the terminal portion of the intestine and the female genital orifice.
c. The form and structure of the pedal gland.
d. The form of the salivary glands.
e. The terminal ducts of the male generative organs, particularly the recepta- culum seminis and vas deferens.
/. The thickness and structure of the notum.
Of the second family, the Janellidae, there are two species, one of which has formed the subject of part of an elaborate memoir by Plate^, the other is an immature example of Aneitea, probably A. hirudo, P. Fischer'.
I desire to express my best thanks to Professor H. Simroth for kind assistance, and to Professor L. H. Plate, who very kindly sent me the type specimen and dissected parts of Janella schaunislcnidi Plate, from the Bremen Museum, for comparison.
1 Zool. Jahrb. {Abth. f. Syst.), 1890, Bd. v, p. 902.
2 Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. f. Anat.), 1898, Bd. ii, pp. 193—280, Taf. 12—17.
3 Journ. de Conchyl., 1868, T. xvi, pp. 145—46, 225—34, pi. xi.
KEPORT OX THE SLUGS. 431
II. SPECIES FROM THE LOYALTY ISLANDS.
1. Veronicella willeyi, sp. nov. (Pis. XL. — XLI. Fig.s. 1 — 14).
Habitat. Lifu, Loyalty Islands. Numerous.
The colour of this species is exceedingly variable, the majority of specimens were a dirty yellowish-brown dorsally, irregularly blotched with black, which markings become more closely set laterally, forming a broken line ; there is a well-marked median dorsal yellowish-browu line, while the extreme anterior and posterior portions of the body are a dark bluish-black. The two specimens figured (PL XL. Figs. 1 and 3) show the dark and light coloured forms. The hypnotum and foot-sole are almost white.
Length (in alcohol) 48 mm. ; foot-sole 5 mm. broad ; hypnotum G mm. broad ; female generative orifice on the right side 1'.5 mm. from the foot-sole, 27"5 mm. from the right lower tentacle, and 20'5 mm. from the posterior end of the body.
I have pleasure in associating with this interesting species the name of Dr Willey.
ANATOMY.
I. Digestive System.
The mouth is somewhat oval shaped. The buccal cavity calls for no special mention. The salivary glands are profuse and lie at the anterior part of the pharynx, and upon the dorsal side of the buccal cavity. The right gland is slightly smaller than the left one, a feature, I believe, common to all species of Veronicella, in consequence, as pointed out by Simroth', of the anterior portion of the male organs restoring symmetry. To the naked eye the separation between the two glands is scarcely distinguishable ; under the microscope, however, each is seen to consist of a series of fine dendritic tubes, each of which terminates in one or more small, flat, sac-like bodies (PI. XL. Figs. 6 and 7). The whole mass is very compact and forms a conspicuous yellowish-white body above the hinder portion of the buccal cavity and the anterior portion of the pharynx (PI. XL. Figs. 5 and 6).
The oesophagus is short, giving place to a wide, thin-walled crop (the fore-stomach of Simroth and others) which becomes constricted just in front of the stomach (PI. XL. Fig. 4). The disposition of the intestinal loops is very much the same as in V. hennigi, Simr. (I.e. (1) Taf. XLix. Fig. 12), though in form and structure the digestive tract is more closely related to V. hedleyi, Simr.
We may conveniently divide the intestinal canal into four loops, the first extending from the buccal cavity to the stomach, the second from the stomach to the anterior lobe of the liver, the third lying superficially in the liver, from the anterior lobe, and making a somewhat [-shaped bend, which, on leaving the liver, becomes loop number four, this terminating at the cloacal chamber. The third loop lies dorsal to the crop
• T. c, p. 86G.
58—2
432 REPORT OX THE SLUGS.
imbedded in the substance of the liver, and enters as loop number four into the body wall just behind the opening of the female generative orifice. The anterior portion of loop four passes backwards above the kidney, posteriorly it is covered by the body-wall only, and terminates on the ventral side of the cloacal chamber (PI. XL. Figs. 9 and 11).
The whole of the intestinal tract, it will thus be seen, is practically imbedded in the liver, so that V. %uilleyi in this particular agrees with that group of Veronicella which would also contain V. hennigi, Simr., and V. hedleyi, Simr.
I was not able to detect any ring-like swelling between the oesophagus and crop, but between the terminal portion of the crop and the commencement of the stomach there is a thick muscular ring-like constriction, immediately behind which the hepatic ducts open.
II. The Pedal Gland.
Although approaching somewhat the condition which obtains in V. leydigi, Simr., there are a few well-marked features in the gland of V. willeyi in which it differs from the former.
The gland commences as a slit-like opening, e.g. O, immediately above the foot- sole, the anterior edges of the latter partly hiding the opening of the gland. Lip-like protuberances form the boundaries of the commencement of the ca^'ity. The gland lies free in the body-cavity upon the dorsal side of the muscles of the foot-sole. The anterior portion is slightly wider than the rest of the gland, agreeing in this particular in all the specimens dissected. In general shape and size considerable differences were noted (PI. XL. Fig. 8 a — c) ; in all the specimens, however, some portion, either to the right or left, was turned forwards (PI. XL. Fig. 8 a, b, c).
In transverse section the lumen of the gland is almost circular, the glandular wall being about twice the width of the lumen. The epithelial lining of the gland is continuous around the cavity.
III. The Kidney, Lung and Pallial Organs.
In V. willeyi I have been able to trace the ureter, and have figured in some detail the relations of kidney and ureter with the lung and the hinder part of the intestine (PI. XL. Figs. 9 to 11).
The general structure of these organs calls for no special mention excepting that here the trabecular tissue is very dense and much folded. In general outline the kidney is not unlike that in V. leydigi, Simr., only differs in extending for some short distance below the hinder part of the intestine; posteriorly it narrows and opens into the rectum by a short but wide ureter which is plainly visible under a low- power dissecting microscope. Towards the outer wall of the pericardium and on the dorsal side is a minute but very distinct slit-like opening, which seems to be connected with the anterior and inner portion of the kidney. Possibly this is the reno-pericardial opening, but as I was unable to verify this by the transverse sections, it must be regarded only as a supposition that this is the true reno-pericardial opening. On the
REPORT ON THE SLUGS. 433
outer side of the kidney is the lung, which also proceeds very far backwards, extending to a point just beyond the terminal portion of the kidney (PI. XL. Fig. 9). The terminal portion of the respiratory duct opens separately from that of the combined rectum and ureter, and slightly above it, so that there is a distinct cloacal chamber into which these two ducts open (PI. XL. Fig. 11). The external opening of this chamber lies on the right side of the hypnotum (PL XL. Fig. 2).
IV. TJie Generative System.
Although conforming in general to the type of reproductive organs common to Veronicella, there are certain well-marked features which have specific value.
The hermaphrodite gland is pyriform in shape, and has a closely convoluted duct which is enclosed in a fine membranous sheath (PI. XL. Fig. 12, h. d.) at its base, and lying upon, and in life completely hidden by, the albumen gland, is a small diverticulum, the vesicula seminalis (PI. XL. Fig. 12, v. s.). The albumen gland is a loose glandular organ not unlike that in V. leydigi, Simr. The oviduct is a long wide tube, twisted many times upon itself. The middle portion is the widest, while its commencement is the narrowest ; it also becomes narrow again before opening externally. The vas deferens is a narrow tube, and bears at its lower end a large spermatocyst, which has a duct of some considerable length (PI. XL. Fig. 12, sp.). At the opposite side of the vas deferens, at the point where the duct of the spermatocyst enters, a duct is given off to the receptaculum seminis. The form and position of the spermatocyst, together with its duct, is very characteristic of this species and separates it from any allies. The receptac^dum seminis is a large ovoid body, with a long tivisted duct (PL XL. Fig. 12, rs., rd.).
In the male organs I follow Simroth in terming the penis-gland of Semper, the dart-gland or dart-sac.
The penis is enclosed in a thick muscular sac, and in general outline and structure (PL XL. Fig. 13, p.) agrees very closely with that figured by Simroth for V. lei/digi\ being long and conical in shape and having an oblique slit at the top; there is, however, in V. willeyi, quite a large vestibule into which the penis opens, slightly above the opening of the dart-sac. Attached to the penis, just below the point of origin of the vas deferens, is a strong retractor muscle, and a smaller one just below the vestibule (PI. XL. Fig. 13, rm., rm.'). The dart-sac is rather longer and \\ider than the penis (PL XL. Fig. 13, ds.). At the base of the sac there is a small conical papilla, the dart (PL XL. Fig. 13, d.), and connected with this, but outside the actual dart-sac, are a series of long thread-like accessory glands (PL XL. Fig. 13, ac. gl.) ; these all open at the base of the papilla or dart, the opening at the apex of the dart forming a common orifice. The number of these accessory glands was not constant, the average is 15, but in one case there were only 12, while in another there were as many as 20.
Whether or not this dart-gland is homologous with the dart-sac in other Pulmonates, e.g. Parmarion, Bamayantia, or with the dart-sacs in certain species of Helix and Zonites, which contains an imperforate calcareous dart, I at present hesitate
' Cp. T. c. Tiif. L, Fig. 4.
434 REPORT ON THE SLUGS.
to say. Simroth certainly thinks they are, for he writes {I.e., p. 879), "Die Summe dieser Dateu macht es wohl mehr als wahrscheinlich, dass auch bei den Vaginuhden das Reizorgan als Liebespfeil zu deuten sei."
V. The Integument.
The body-wall of the dorsum or notiim is somewhat thin; in transverse section it is seen (PI. XLI. Fig. 14) to consist of an outer epidermal layer, immediately beneath which is a dense layer of blackish pigment. This layer also borders the sides of the mucous glands; of these latter I have obtained very good sections by freezing, staining with an aqueous solution of magenta, and mounting in a glycerine fluid. The lumen of the gland is narrow, becoming in must cases slightly larger at the base; around this canal are a series of bladder-like cavities, which probably serve as reservoirs for the mucous.
Excepting that the notum in V. ivilleyi is thinner than that described by Simroth in V. leydigi, my observations agree practically in all particulars with his. In the mucosa, the concretions which Simroth thinks may be uric acid, were very plentiful and in a few cases very large.
2. Aneitea hirudoh P- Fisch. (PI. XLI. Figs. 15—17.)
Hab. Lifu. One specimen.
After a careful comparison of this small species with all the described forms, I am placing it with a query under A. hirudo, P. Fisch. From the imperfect development of the generative organs I conclude it is a young example. It agrees with Fischer's figure' of A. hirudo in the form of the penis (PL XLI. Fig. 16, p.).
The whole of the body is a dirty greyish-brown colour, vnth a few blotchy black markings on the lateral portions of the body. There is an ill-defined median-dorsal groove with oblique lateral grooves directed posteriorly and ventrally. The margin of the dorsum (perinotum) is wavy. The foot-sole is marked by a series of closely set transverse markings. In transverse section the body appears almost triangular (PI. XLI. Fig. 17).
The dimensions are as follows : —
Length over back, from head to tip of the tail 22'.5 mm.
Length of foot-sole 19'5 mm.
Width over back 10 mm.
Breadth of foot-sole 6'5 mm.
Distance of anus from right tentacle 6'.5 mm.
„ „ „ respiratory orifice 1 mm.
Length of mantle 7 mm.
1 Journ. de Conchyl., 1868, T. xvi, pi. xi.
REPORT ON THE SLUGS. 435
III. SPECIES FROM THE NEW HEBRIDES.
1. V. briinnea, sp. nov. (PL XLI. Figs. 18—23).
Hab. Esafate, one specimen.
This is a very interesting form, and I regret, owing to lack of material, not to be able to give a fuller account of its anatomy.
Externally it is a deep brown with small black blotches sparingly distributed over the dorsum (notum), the perinotum is very prominent and much darker in colour. I know of no other species of Veronicella in which the perinotum is so prominent and so well defined, standing out quite distinct from either the notum or hypuotum. My knowledge of the genus is not a wide one, so possibly this is a feature met Avith in other species, still I find no mention of it in any of the species described by Semper or Simroth. The hypnotum is rather lighter in colour and free of any markings ; foot-sole yellowish-brown, and marked by a series of transverse divisions.
Length (in alcohol) 18.5 mm.; foot-sole 3 mm. broad; hypnotum 4o mm. broad; female generative orifice on the right side 1"5 mm. from the foot-sole, 10'.5 mm. from the right lower tentacle and 7 mm. from the posterior end of the body.
The only parts I have examined anatomically are the digestive system and pedal gland. The former, excepting in the position of the looiDS of the intestine and stomach, calls for no special mention. All the loops are imbedded in the lobes of the liver, those visible on the dorsal surface being the anterior portion of loop 2, and nearly the whole of loop 3 (PI. XLI. Fig. 19). At the posterior portion of the stomach, and on the ventral side, is a small bean-shaped glandular body, connected by a series of fine ducts (PL XLI. Figs. 20 — 22). I have not previously met with any similar body in any other species of Veronicella. Possibly it functions as a digestive gland.
The pedal gland commences as a wide thin non-glandular (?) sac, lying free in the body cavity, giving place in the posterior half to a narrower glandular part. At its extreme end it makes a bend to the right side (PL XLI. Fig. 23).
2. V. leydigi, Simr.
Hab. Esafate, two specimens.
I have nothing to add to the admirable account given by Simroth' of this species. One specimen is immature.
3. V. hedleyi, Simr.
Hab. Esafate, one specimen.
This specimen agrees in nearly all particulars with the figure made by Hedley and given by Simroth ^
1 T. c, pp. 865—899. - T. c, Taf. slix, fig. 7.
436
REPORT OX THE SLITGS.
IV. SPECIES FROM NEW BRITAIN.
1, Aneitella berghi, (PI. XLI. Figs. 24—27).
Hab. Karavia, Gazelle Peninsula. Numerous.
This species was first described by Plate' in 1898, who gives numerous figures of the internal structure, but the external features are scarcely done justice to. Seeing how very imperfectly figured most of the Janellidae are, a fact I have previously drawn attention to", I have given two figures of the external form (PI. XLI. Figs. 24—2.5).
The specimens investigated by Plate were from Stephen's Island, New Zealand.
All the specimens I have dissected show a little variation in the form of the generative organs from those figured by Plate (I. c, Taf. 16, Fig. 55). In one specimen the penis exhibited a well-marked fold, as figured (PI. XLI. Fig. 27).
The dimensions of the largest specimen are : —
Length over back, from head to extreme posterior 48'5 mm.
Length of foot-sole 45 mm.
Width over back 24 mm.
Breadth of foot-sole 7 mm.
Distance of anus from right tentacle 9"5 mm.
„ „ „ respiratory orifice 2 mm.
Length of mantle 9 mm.
With the typical examples were two well-marked colour variations, which are described below.
Var. nov. albida.
Hab. Karavia, New Britain, two specimens.
W^hole of body a pure white. Length (in alcohol) 46 mm.
Var. nov. fuscopallescens.
Hab. Karavia, New Britain.
Whole of animal a pale brownish-yellow, with little, if any, black mottling. Length (in alcohol) 38 mm.
1 T. c, p. 197.
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1894, p. 530.
WujL.by Zoological Results.
Plate Y'-
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COL.L.1NOE. SLUGS.
REPORT ON THE SLUGS. 437
EXPLANATION OF PLATES XL. AND XLI.
(Collinge, ShiffS.)
Yeronicella willeyi, sp. nov.
Fig. \. View from dorsal side. Nat. size.
Fig. 2. View from ventral side. Nat. size. 9 female generative orifice, cl. opening of cloacal chamber.
Fig. .3. Light coloured form, view from dorsal side. Nat. size.
Fig. 4. Intestine and liver, x 2 '5. ce. oesophagus, cr. crop. st. stomach, int^. — int*. the four loops of the intestine. I. liver. The dotted portion indicates the terminal portion of the intestine imbedded in the body wall.
Fig. 5. Salivary glands as seen from the dorsal surface.
Fig. 6. Portion of the same, slightly magnified, showing the salivary ducts, s. d. and their position in relation to the pharynx, j)]i. and tlie buccal cavity, h. c.
Fic;. 7. Terminal portion of the same, showing sac-like bodies.
Fig. 8. Pedal gland showing variations met with, a, h, and c. x 2.
Fig. 9. Mantle organs seen from the venti-al side. atr. atrium, p. pericardium, v. ven- tricle, h. kidney. I. lung. cl. cli. cloacal chamber, res. d. respiratory duct. iir. ureter.
Fig. 10. Terminal portions of the intestine, kidney and lung. Lettering as in Fig. 9.
Fig. 11. Terminal portions of the intestine and respiratory duct, showing their openings into the cloacal chamber cl. ch. a. anus. r. o. respiratory orifice, int''. posterior portion of the intestine.
Fig. 12. Generative organs, alb. gl. albumen gland, h. d. hermaphrodite duct. h. gl. hermaphrodite gland, ov. oviduct, r. d. receptacular duct. r. s. receptaculum seminis. sp. spermatocyst. v, d. vas deferens, v. s. vesicula seminalis.
Fig. 13. Terminal ducts of the male generative organs, ac. gl. accessory glands, d. dart. d. s. dart-sac. p. penis, r. m. and r. m. retractor muscles of the penis, v. vestibule, v. d. vas deferens.
Fig. 14. Transverse section through the dorsum, ep. epidermis, gl. glands, mu. mucous layer containing uric acid (?) concretions u. c. m. f. muscle fibres.
Aneitea hiriido, P. Fisch.
Fig. 1.5. Lateral view of the animal from the right side, x 2.
Fig. 16. Vagina vg. and penis p. of the same.
Fig. 17. Diagrammatic transverse section through the body, x 1.
Veronicella brunnea, sp. nov.
Fig. 18. View from the dorsal side, x 2.
Fig. 19. Intestine and liver, x 4. Lettering as above.
w. IV. 59
438
REPORT ON THE SLUGS.
Figs. 20, 21. Dorsal and ventral \-iew of the stomach, the latter showing the position of the small bean-shaped gland.
Fig. 22. Bean-shaped gland detached. Fig. 23. Pedal gland.
Aneitella berghi, Plate.
Fig. 24. View from the dorsal side, x 2.
Fig. 25. The same, from the ventral side, x 2.
Fig. 26. Generative organs.
alh. gl. albumen gland. f. ov. free oviduct. gl. gland (?)
h. d. hermaphrodite duct. h. gl. hermaphrodite gland. p. penis. pr. prostate.
Fig. 27. Variation in the form of the penis.
r. m. retractor muscle.
r. s. receptaculum seminis.
v. vestibule.
V. d. vas deferens.
vg. vagina.
V. s. vesicula seminalis.
Wiijley Zoological Res-ults.
Plate XL I.
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COlililNGE. SLUGS.
REPORT ON THE POLYZOA COLLECTED BY DR WILLEY FROM THE LOYALTY LSLES, NEW GUINEA AND NEW BRITAIN.
Bv E. G. PHILIPPS, Newnham College, Cambridge.
With Plates XLII. and XLIII.
The Polyzoa collected by Dr Willey were obtained mainly from Lifu, in the Loyalty Isles.
The collection contains 63 species of which 9 are new. They are divided among the three sub-orders as follows :
Cheilostomata 46 species. Cyclostomata 16 species. Ctenostomata 1 species.
The specimens were compared with those in the British Museum and in the Cam- bridge University Museum of Zoology, to which Dr Willey has presented his collection. I wish to express my thanks to Mr Kirkpatrick for facilities afforded me at the British Museum and especially to Dr Harmer for the interest he has taken in my work and the very kind help he has given me.
The nomenclature adopted in this paper is that used in Miss Jelly's " Synonymic Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa," in which full references are given to the literature on the group.
Cheilostomata.
1. Catenaria otophora, Kirkp. D'Entrecasteaux Group, Briti.sh New Guinea.
2. Caberea lata, Busk. Sandal Bay, Lifu, 17 fathoms.
3. Cauda retiformis, Pourt. Sandal Bay, Lifu, 80 to 40 fathoms.
4. Scrupocellaria scrupea. Busk. Lifu.
5. Scrupocellaria macaudrei. Busk. Sandal Bay, Lifu.
6. Scrupocellaria annectens MacGill. Karakoai. New Britain, 2 to 3 fathoms.
59—2
440 REPORT OX THE POLYZOA COLLECTED BY DR WILLEY
7. Didymia triserialis, n. sp. Beach of the He du Phare, Noumea, New Caledonia.
8. Bugula dentata, Lamx. Lifu.
9. Bugiila a^-icularia, Linn. Sandal Bay, Lifu.
10. Bugula neritina, Linn. Sandal Bay, Lifu.
11. Tubucellaria cereoides, Ell. and Sol. Lifu.
12. Cribrilina radiata var. ^, Hincks. Sandal Bay, Lifu, 17 fathoms.
13. Membranipora radicifera, Hincks. var. intermedia, Kirkp. Sandal Bay, Lifu,
30 to 40 fathoms.
14. Membranipora lacroixii, Aud. Blanche Bay, New Britain.
15. Membranipora irregularis, d'Orb. Blanche River, New Britain.
16. Membranipora coronata, Hincks. Lifu.
17. Membranipora punctigera. Hincks. Sandal Bay, Lifu.
18. Micropora sp. Lifu.
19. Monoporella pol3Tiiorpha, n. sp. Lifu.
20. Monoporella spinifera, n. sp. Lifu.
21. Schizoporella biaperta, Mich. Lifu.
22. Schizoporella torquata, Q. and G. Beach of the He du Phare, Noumea, New
Caledonia.
23. Schizoporella triangula, Hincks, Blanche River, New Britain, 40 fathoms.
24. Schizoporella striatula, Smitt, Lifu.
25. Schizoporella sanguinea, Norman, Lifu.
26. Schizoporella nivea. Busk. Beach of He du Phare, Noumea, New Caledonia.
27. Schizoporella depressa, n. sp. Lifu.
28. Hippothoa divaricata, Lamx. Lifu.
29. Thalamoporella rozieri, form indica, Aud. Deboyne Lagoon, Louisiades.
30. Microporella ciliata var. personata, Busk. Lifu.
31. Adeonellopsis violacea var. plagiopora, Hincks. Sandal Bay, Lifu.
32. Lepralia feegeensis. Busk. Lifu.
33. Lepralia poissonii, Aud. Lifu, 35 fathoms.
34. Lepralia tuberculata, n. sp. Lifu, 35 fathoms.
35. Lepralia calyciformis, n. sp. Lifu.
36. Smittia marmorea, Hincks. Sandal Bay, Lifu, 35 fathoms.
37. Mucronella articulata, n. sp. Sandal Bay, Lifu, 30 to 40 fathoms.
38. Rhj-nchozoon bispinosum, Johnst. Lifu.
39. Rhynchozoon crenulatum. Waters. Lifu.
40. Escharoides spinigera, n. sp. Lifu, 35 fathoms.
41. Cellepora speciosa, MacGill. Sandal Bay, Lifu.
42. Cellepora mamillata, Busk. Sandal Bay, Lifu.
43. Cellepora simplex, MacGill. Sandal Bay, Lifu.
44. Cellepora longirostris, MacGill. Lifu.
45. Retepora phoenicea, Busk. Sandal Bay,